Table 3 The characteristics of the included studies (N = 39)
From: Why do men who have sex with men practice condomless sex? A systematic review and meta-synthesis
Number | Author and year | Country | Study design | Data collection | N, Samples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Li et al., 2010 | China | Ethnographic study | In-depth semi-structured interviews | 17, MSM from diverse background |
2 | Moen et al., 2013 | Tanzania | Ethnographic study | Participant observation and dialogical interviews | 105, diverse same-sex-attracted men |
3 | Peterson et al., 2003 | USA | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured interviews | 75, African-American MSM |
4 | Taggart et al., 2017 | USA | Phenomenological research | In-depth and semi-structured interviews | 20, African-American MSM |
5 | Campbell et al., 2013 | USA | Grounded theory approach | Qualitative interviews | 48, same-sex male couples |
6 | Mustanski et al., 2014 | USA | Mixed method research with Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model | Mixed method study, focus group interviews | 75, adolescent gay and bisexual males |
7 | Ostergren et al., 2011 | USA | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured interviews, thematic analysis | 462, non-condom using MSM |
8 | Neville et al., 2016 | New Zealand | Phenomenological research | Qualitative descriptive approach, Thematic analysis | 960, MSM |
9 | Schnarrs et al., 2012 | USA | Phenomenological research | In-depth, semi-structured interviews | 75, men who engaged in bisexual behavior |
10 | Tadele, 2010 | Ethiopia | Grounded theory approach | In-depth interviews and focus group discussion | 24, MSM |
11 | Li et al., 2016 | China | Descriptive and exploratory qualitative study design with the health belief model | In-depth semi-structured interviews, thematic analysis | 17, MSM |
12 | Beoughe et al., 2012 | USA | Grounded Theory approach | Semi-structured interviews | 12, discordant gay couples |
13 | Harawa et al., 2006 | USA | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured focus group interviews | 30, African-American men have sex with men and women |
14 | Valente et al., 2019 | Kenya | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured interviews | 25, MSW (male sex workers) and 11 male clients of male sex workers |
15 | Chakrapani et al., 2013 | India | Grounded theory research | In-depth interviews, focus-group discussions and key-informant interviews | 93, MSM |
16 | Adam et al., 2010 | Canada | Phenomenological research | In-depth semi-structured interviews | 102, high-risk gay and bisexual men |
17 | Adam et al., 2000 | Canada | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured one-on-one interviews | 102, gay and bisexual men |
18 | Adams et al., 2009 | New Zealand | Critical theory research | Face-to-face semi-structured individual interviews | 22, MSM |
19 | Balán et al., 2009 | USA | Phenomenological research | In-depth interviews | 31, Latino MSM |
20 | Boulton et al., 2010 | England | Sociological analysis | Open-ended interviews | 78, gay men who engaged in anal intercourse without a condom |
21 | Diguez et al., 1996 | USA | Phenomenological research with mixed method design | Semi-structured interviews | 182, gays |
22 | Eisenberg et al., 2011 | USA | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured in-depth interviews | 34, young MSM |
23 | Giano et al., 2019 | USA | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured interviews | 40, MSM |
24 | Harawa et al., 2010 | USA | Grounded theory with mixed method design | In-depth follow-up semi-structured interviews | 17, MSM |
25 | Harper et al., 2016 | USA | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured qualitative interviews | 36, Black gay and bisexual young men living with HIV |
26 | Hospers et al., 1994 | Holland | Phenomenological research | Focus group interviews | 19, gay men who engaged in risk-taking behavior with casual partners |
27 | Hubach et al., 2014 | USA | Grounded theory approach | Semi-structured interviews | 77, behaviorally bisexual men |
28 | Klassen et al., 2019 | Canada | Social ecological analysis | Semi-structured interviews | 19, gay men |
29 | Kong, 2008 | China | Phenomenological research | In-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews | 30, MSW |
30 | Malebranche, 2009 | USA | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured, one-on-one interviews | 29, self-identified Black MSM |
31 | Musinguzi et al., 2015 | Uganda | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured interviews | 85, self-identified adult MSM |
32 | Middelthon, 2001 | Norway | Phenomenological research | Repeated in-depth interviews | 20, young gay men |
33 | Siegler et al., 2014 | South Africa | Phenomenological research | In-depth interviews | 34, South -African MSM |
34 | Starks et al., 2017 | USA | Phenomenological research with thematic analysis | Semi-structured interviews | 17, HIV-negative gay male couples |
35 | Zhang et al., 2018 | China | Phenomenological research | Semi-structured interviews | 35, male students who have sex with men |
36 | Wang et al., 2005 | China | Phenomenological research | Focus group discussion, individual interview, observation | Unclear, MSM from five cities |
37 | Zou, 2008 | China | Phenomenological research with mixed method design | Individual in-depth interviews | 20, MSM |
38 | Ofreneo et al., 2020 | Philippines | Critical realist inquiry | Semi-structured interviews | 17, MSM |
39 | Rwstar et al., 2019 | Philippines | Situated socio-ecological perspective research | Semi-structured interviews | 23 transgender women and 7 cisgender MSM |