Skip to main content

Table 3 Hospital outcomes*

From: The risk of inappropriate empiric treatment and its outcomes based on pathogens in non-ventilated (nvHABP), ventilated (vHABP) hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated (VABP) bacterial pneumonia in the US, 2012–2019

 

nvHABP

%

P-value

vHABP

%

P-value

VABP

%

P-value

N = 4728

N = 4561

N = 8530

N received treatment

N with outcome

% with outcome

N received treatment

N with outcome

% with outcome

N received treatment

N with outcome

% with outcome

Hospital mortality

 GN only

  IET

278

34

12.23%

 

180

61

33.89%

 

449

99

22.05%

 

  Indeterminate

200

28

14.00%

0.175

168

53

31.55%

0.423

329

77

23.40%

0.905

  non-IET

2125

217

10.21%

 

2087

616

29.52%

 

4057

917

22.60%

 

 GP only

  IET

91

12

13.19%

 

51

15

29.41%

 

117

16

13.68%

 

  Indeterminate

204

17

8.33%

0.154

164

33

20.12%

0.057

291

45

15.46%

0.078

  non-IET

1567

205

13.08%

 

1566

453

28.93%

 

2579

505

19.58%

 

 GP + GN (mixed)

  IET

34

4

11.76%

 

23

11

47.83%

 

49

6

12.24%

 

  Indeterminate

65

8

12.31%

0.555

46

7

15.22%

0.016

117

24

20.51%

0.211

  non-IET

164

28

17.07%

 

276

81

29.35%

 

542

124

22.88%

 

30-day readmission for survivors

 GN only

  IET

244

56

22.95%

 

119

23

19.33%

 

350

56

16.00%

 

  Indeterminate

172

32

18.60%

0.503

115

15

13.04%

0.304

252

44

17.46%

0.024

  non-IET

1908

385

20.18%

 

1471

212

14.41%

 

3140

395

12.58%

 

 GP only

  IET

79

18

22.78%

 

36

10

27.78%

 

101

8

7.92%

 

  Indeterminate

187

26

13.90%

0.140

131

21

16.03%

0.148

246

33

13.41%

0.320

  non-IET

1362

262

19.24%

 

1113

174

15.63%

 

2074

232

11.19%

 

 GP + GN (mixed)

  IET

30

7

23.33%

 

12

2

16.67%

 

43

6

13.95%

 

  Indeterminate

57

12

21.05%

0.931

39

7

17.95%

0.621

93

11

11.83%

0.836

  non-IET

136

32

23.53%

 

195

26

13.33%

 

418

46

11.00%

 

Post-infection onset LOS, days

 GN only

  IET

   Mean (SD)

 

20.1 (38.6)

   

20.0 (22.8)

   

21.5 (26.3)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

10 [6, 20]

   

15 [8, 23]

   

14 [8, 25]

  

  Indeterminate

   Mean (SD)

 

11.7 (15.2)

 

< 0.001

 

16.5 (16.9)

 

0.040

 

19.0 (18.8)

 

0.141

   Median [IQR]

 

8 [4, 14]

   

11 [7, 12]

   

14 [8, 21]

  

  non-IET

   Mean (SD)

 

12.3 (18.9)

   

16.8 (15.6)

   

19.2 (23.9)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

8 [4, 14]

   

13 [7, 21]

   

14 [8, 23]

  

 GP only

  IET

   Mean (SD)

 

24.2 (40.9)

   

19.8 (18.3)

   

21.6 (18.5)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

13 [8, 20]

   

14 [10, 21]

   

16 [10, 26]

  

  Indeterminate

   Mean (SD)

 

12.3 (13.9)

 

 < 0.001

 

17.5 (18.2)

 

0.531

 

17.5 (16.8)

 

0.079

   Median [IQR]

 

7 [4, 15]

   

13 [7, 22]

   

13 [8, 22]

  

  non-IET

   Mean (SD)

 

12.9 (16.1)

   

16.9 (19.1)

   

17.9 (17.8)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

8 [5, 16]

   

13 [7, 20]

   

13 [7, 22]

  

 GP + GN (mixed)

  IET

   Mean (SD)

 

21.6 (20.7)

   

11.9 (8.0)

   

20.3 (23.3)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

13 [8, 25]

   

9 [6, 18]

   

14 [9, 22]

  

  Indeterminate

   Mean (SD)

 

11.5 (12.1)

 

0.002

 

22.2 (31.6)

 

0.037

 

21.6 (31.6)

 

0.146

   Median [IQR]

 

8 [4, 14]

   

14 [10, 24]

   

14 [7, 24]

  

  non-IET

   Mean (SD)

 

12.7 (13.7)

   

15.7 (15.2)

   

17.8 (16.8)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

9 [5, 15]

   

12 [7, 20]

   

14 [8, 21]

  

Hospital costs, $

 GN only

  IET

   Mean (SD)

 

76,777 (101,564)

   

102,478 (91,918)

   

123,268 (106,242)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

48,969 [29549, 86751]

   

77,245 [48008, 119903]

   

91,303 [56923, 148733]

  

  Indeterminate

   Mean (SD)

 

60,017 (56,357)

 

0.003

 

84,320 (71,074)

 

0.015

 

111,938 (88,926)

 

0.010

   Median [IQR]

 

44,941 [28873, 71378]

   

65,476 [38497, 108844]

   

86,242 [56077, 137449]

  

  non-IET

   Mean (SD)

 

60,765 (70,877)

   

86,154 (72,384)

   

108,951 (94,676)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

41,468 [25678, 71369]

   

66,651 [41982, 105006]

   

86,242 [56077, 137449]

  

 GP only

  IET

   Mean (SD)

 

74,034 (91,243)

   

96,918 (102,939)

   

104,823 (86,049)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

42,942 [23666, 89352]

   

63,064 [53054, 106652]

   

84,941 [56245, 123236]

  

  Indeterminate

   Mean (SD)

 

53,716 (61,532)

 

0.005

 

71,290 (63,776)

 

0.211

 

84,858 (93,950)

 

0.344

   Median [IQR]

 

39,149 [20891, 59493]

   

52,698 [32478, 87469]

   

59,201 [41028, 93012]

  

  non-IET

   Mean (SD)

 

53,122 (56,336)

   

76,731 (92,620)

   

88,807 (131,561)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

35,701 [22366, 62864]

   

57,132 [36363, 90331]

   

68,748 [46021, 106164]

  

 GP + GN (mixed)

  IET

   Mean (SD)

 

82,725 (69,808)

   

66,156 (44,002)

   

100,252 (73,853)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

56,469 [28881, 120956]

   

49,536 [33519, 103377]

   

73,872 [57637, 125257]

  

  Indeterminate

   Mean (SD)

 

53,461 (55,594)

 

0.014

 

83,150 (83,181)

 

0.609

 

95,257 (81,193)

 

0.445

   Median [IQR]

 

37,407 [21347, 59886]

   

62,893 [40843, 89923]

   

72,527 [41122, 112679]

  

  non-IET

   Mean (SD)

 

56,488 (42,955)

   

76,610 (65,616)

   

89,641 (62,629)

  

   Median [IQR]

 

41,012 [26902, 73106]

   

57,327 [37997, 91906]

   

74,512 [48703, 115904]

  
  1. *All P values refer to the differences between IET, non-IET, and indeterminate within each pneumonia type and outcome
  2. nvHABP = non-ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia; vHABP = ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia; VABP = ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia; LOS = length of stay; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range; IET = inappropriate empiric therapy; GN = gram-negative; GP = gram-positive