Detection of Salmonella Typhi nucleic acid by RT-PCR and anti-HlyE, -CdtB, -PilL, and -Vi IgM by ELISA at sites in Ghana, Madagascar and Ethiopia

Panzner, Ursula; Mogeni, Ondari Daniel; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Toy, Trevor; Jeon, Hyon Jin; Pak, Gi Deok; Park, Se Eun; Enuameh, Yeetey; Owusu-Dabo, Ellis; Van Tan, Trinh; Aseffa, Abraham; Teferi, Mekonnen; Yeshitela, Biruk; Baker, Stephen; Rakotozandrindrainy, Raphael; Marks, Florian

doi:10.1186/s12879-022-07726-3

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of febrile and non-febrile subjects in Ghana, Madagascar and Ethiopia at study enrollment

From: Detection of Salmonella Typhi nucleic acid by RT-PCR and anti-HlyE, -CdtB, -PilL, and -Vi IgM by ELISA at sites in Ghana, Madagascar and Ethiopia

Country		Ghana		Madagascar				Ethiopia
Site		Kintampo		Diego		Mahajanga		Addis Ketema W7		Addis Ketema W8		Debre Birhan		Arba Minch		Adama Zuria		Wolayita Sodo
		Febrile subjects
Participants		N = 100		N = 100		N = 100		N = 64		N = 100		N = 104		N = 102		N = 104		N = 100
Recruitment period [MM/YY]		04/16–08/16		12/15–03/16		01/16–03/16		06/16–10/16		06/16–08/16		06/16–09/16		06/16–09/16		06/16–09/16		06/16–09/16
Characteristics		N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Gender	Male	33	33.0	40	40.0	42	42.0	33	51.6	41	41.0	49	47.1	46	45.1	41	39.4	49	49.0
Gender	Female	67	67.0	60	60.0	58	58.0	31	48.8	59	59.0	55	52.9	56	54.9	63	60.6	51	51.0
Age [years]	< 15	53	53.0	40	40.0	61	61.0	0	0.0	1	1.0	7	6.8	3	2.9	5	4.8	8	8.0
Age [years]	≥ 15	47	47.0	60	60.0	39	39.0	64	100.0	99	99.0	97	93.2	99	97.1	99	95.2	92	92.0
Temperature [°C; axillary]	< 37.5	9	9.0	1	1.0	6	6.0	24	37.5	79	79.0	19	18.3	10	9.8	8	7.7	79	79.0
Temperature [°C; axillary]	≥ 37.5	91	91.0	99	99.0	94	94.0	40	62.5	21	21.0	85	81.7	92	90.2	96	92.3	21	21.0
Recruitment ward	IPD	36	36.0	95	95.0	85	85.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Recruitment ward	OPD	64	64.0	5	5.0	15	15.0	64	100.0	100	100.0	104	100.0	102	100.0	104	100.0	100	100.0
Pre-treatment	Antimalarial	20	20.0	1	1.0	6	6.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	10	9.8	20	19.2	0	0.0
Pre-treatment	Antibiotic	9	9.0	18	18.0	70	70.0	2	3.1	0	0.0	2	1.9	1	1.0	40	38.5	0	0.0
Malaria (microscopy/ RDT)	P. falciparum	18	18.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
	P. malariae	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
	P. ovale	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
	P. vivax	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
Clinical presumptive diagnosis	ARTI	5	5.0	48	48.0	29	29.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	4	3.9	26	25.0	0	0.0
	Sepsis	13	13.0	0	0.0	23	23.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	4	3.9	0	0.0
	TF	95	95.0	24	24.0	58	58.0	60	93.8	100	100.0	103	99.0	102	100.0	93	89.4	100	100.0
	GTI	9	9.0	49	49.0	55	55.0	1	1.6	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	21	20.2	0	0.0
	UTI	2	2.0	1	1.0	22	22.0	0	0.0	2	2.0	1	1.0	1	1.0	12	11.5	2	2.0
	CNSI	0	0.0	31	31.0	22	22.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	2	1.9	0	0.0
	Malaria	2	2.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
	FUO	0	0.0	53	53.0	32	32.0	3	4.7	0	0.0	1	1.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0
	Other	3	3.0	39	39.0	6	6.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	7	6.7	0	0.0	5	4.8	0	0.0

		Non-febrile subjects
Participants		N = 200		N = 200		N = 200		N = 133		N = 199		N = 200		N = 203		N = 196		N = 201
Recruitment period [MM/YY]		05/16–09/16		12/15–03/16		01/16–03/16		07/16–10/16		06/16–08/16		06/16–10/16		06/16–09/16		06/16–09/16		07/16–09/16
Characterisitcs		N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Gender	Male	102	51.0	110	55.0	120	60.0	63	47.4	92	46.2	95	47.5	94	46.3	88	44.9	94	46.8
Gender	Female	98	49.0	90	45.0	80	40.0	70	52.6	107	53.8	105	52.5	109	53.7	108	55.1	107	53.2
Age [years]	< 15	99	49.5	18	9.0	4	2.0	1	0.8	3	1.5	15	7.5	2	1.0	11	5.6	14	7.0
Age [years]	≥ 15	101	50.5	182	91.0	196	98.0	132	99.2	196	98.5	185	92.5	201	99.0	185	94.4	187	93.0

W7 = Woreda 7; W8 = Woreda 8; IPD = inpatient department; OPD = outpatient department with OR = surgical department and ER = emergency department; P. = Plasmodium; RDT = rapid diagnostic test; ARTI = acute respiratory tract infection; TF = typhoid fever; GTI = gastrointestinal tract infection; UTI = urinary tract infection; CNSI = central nervous system infection; FUO = fever of unknown origin; antimalarial pre-treatment including range of duration: Ghana: Chloroquine, other (Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine), ≥ 1 to ≤ 3 days; Madagascar-Diego: Artemisia, ≤ 3 days; Madagascar-Mahajanga: other (Quinine), ≤ 1 day; Ethiopia-Arba Minch: Artemisia; Ethiopia-Adama Zuria: Chloroquine, Artemisia, ≤ 3 days; Ethiopia-Wolayita Sodo: Chloroquine; antibiotic pre-treatment including range of duration: Ghana: Penicillins (e.g. Penicillin, Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid), oral Cephalosporins (e.g. Cefaclor, Cefpodoxim), Fluoroquinolone (e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin), Metronidazole, ≥ 1 to ≤ 7 days; Madagascar-Diego: Penicillins (e.g. Penicillin, Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid), oral Cephalosporins (e.g. Cefaclor, Cefpodoxim), Macrolide (Erythromycin), Fluoroquinolone (e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin), Metronidazole, Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole), ≥ 1 to ≤ 7 days; Madagascar-Mahajanga: Penicillins (e.g. Penicillin, Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid), oral Cephalosporins (e.g. Cefaclor, Cefpodoxim), Macrolide (Erythromycin), Fluoroquinolone (e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin), Metronidazole, Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole), other (Cephalosporin, Gentamycin), ≥ 1 to ≤ 7 days; Ethiopia-Addis Ketema W7: Fluoroquinolone (e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin), ≤ 7 days; Ethiopia-Debre Birhan: Penicillins (e.g. Penicillin, Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid), Fluoroquinolone (e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin), ≥ 2 to ≤ 3 days; Ethiopia-Arba Minch: Fluoroquinolone (e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin), ≤ 2 days; Ethiopia-Adama Zuria: Penicillins (e.g. Penicillin, Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid), Tetracycline (Doxycycline), Fluoroquinolone (e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin), other (Benzylpenicillin), ≥ 7 to ≤ 10 days; Ethiopia-Wolayita Sodo: Penicillins (e.g. Penicillin, Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid), Fluoroquinolone (e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Moxifloxacin), ≥ 1 to ≤ 7 days; clinical diagnosis-other: Ghana: gastritis, intestinal parasites, oral ulcers; Madagascar-Diego: viral infection (e.g. arbovirus), parasitic infection (e.g. Ascaris spp.), pain/myalgia, gastro-intestinal discomfort, skin infection, rash; Madagascar-Mahajanga: anorexia, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), myalgia, otitis media, hyperthermia; Ethiopia-Debre Birhan: typhus; Ethiopia-Adama Zuria: parasitic infection (e.g. Schistosoma mansoni, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica)

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