Table 3 Characteristics and risk factors of PCR-confirmed diagnosis
|  | Positive test (n = 61) | Negative test (n = 617) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Â | Â | Â |
 Male | 41 (67%) | 248 (40%) |  < 0.0001 |
 Female | 20(33%) | 369 (60%) |  |
Age group in years | Â | Â | Â |
 < 10 | 26 (43%) | 27 (4%) |  < 0.0001 |
 10–19 | 9 (15%) | 25 (4%) |  |
 20–39 | 19 (31%) | 117 (19%) |  |
 40–59 | 3 (5%) | 237 (39%) |  |
 60–79 | 4 (6%) | 196 (32%) |  |
 > 80 | 0 (0%) | 12 (2%) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â |
 None | 20 (33%) | 38 (6%) |  < 0.0001 |
 Primary school | 19 (31%) | 325 (53%) |  |
 Secondary school | 13 (21%) | 153 (25%) |  |
 College/university/professional | 9 (15%)%) | 101 (16%) |  |
Primary livelihood | Â | Â | |
 Child/student | 36 (59%) | 51 (8%) |  < 0.0001 |
 Construction | 1 (2%) | 20 (3%) |  |
 Crop production | 11 (18%) | 101 (16%) |  |
 Extraction of minerals, gas, oil, timer | 1 (2%) | 51 (8%) |  |
 Homemaker/unemployed | 2 (3%) | 81 (13%) |  |
 Non-animal business | 9 (15%) | 263 (43%) |  |
 Military | 1 (2%) | 1 (< 1%) |  |
 Zoo/sanctuary animal health care | 0 (0%) | 34 (5%) |  |
 Rancher/farmer animal production business | 0 (0%) | 2 (< 1%) |  |
 Nurse, doctor, traditional healer, community health worker | 0 (0%) | 11 (2%) |  |
 Forager/gatherer/non-timber forest product collector | 0 (0%) | 2 (< 1%) |  |
Length of time living at location (in years) | Â | Â | |
 < 1 | 5 (8%) | 12 (2%) |  < 0.0001 |
 1–5 | 19 (31%) | 40 (6%) |  |
 5–10 | 26 (43%) | 140 (23%) |  |
 > 10 | 11 (18%) | 425 (69%) |  |
Travelled | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 41 (67%) | 304 (49%) | 0.007 |
 No | 20 (33%) | 313 (51%) |  |
Food storage for the household | Â | Â | |
 Yes, with covers | 58 (95%) | 607(98%) | 0.06 |
 Yes, without covers | 2 (3%) | 3 (< 1%) |  |
 No | 1 (2%) | 7 (1%) |  |
Drinking water treated | Â | Â | |
 Yes | 58 (95%) | 402 (65%) |  < 0.0001 |
 No | 3 (5%) | 215 (35%) |  |
Number of people in dwelling | Â | ||
 None | 0 (0%) | 2 (< 1%) | 0.07 |
 1–5 | 38 (62%) | 465 (75%) |  |
 6–9 | 21 (34%) | 142 (23%) |  |
 10 and above | 2 (3%) | 8 (1%) |  |
Having animal contact | Â | Â | |
 Yes | 54 (89) | 561 (91%) | 0.54 |
 No | 7 (11%) | 56 (9%) |  |
Having animal contact excluding dogs and cats | Â | ||
 Yes | 44 (72%) | 352 (57%) | 0.02 |
 No | 17 (28%) | 265 (43%) |  |
Self-reported unusual symptoms last year | Â | ||
 Yes | 29 (48%) | 189 (31%) | 0.007 |
 No | 32 (52%) | 428 (69%) |  |
Symptoms last year in other people you live with | Â | ||
 Yes | 20 (33%) | 103 (17%) | 0.002 |
 No | 41 (67% | 514 (83%) |  |