Table 1 Baseline and clinical characteristics of primary and validation population
Characteristics | Primary set N (%) | Validation set N (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confirmed PTB cases | Not PTB | p | Confirmed PTB cases | Not PTB | p | |
All | 109 (21.5%) | 398 (78.5%) | Â | 37(14.3%) | 222(85.7%) | Â |
Sex | ||||||
 Female | 88 (80.7%) | 285 (71.6%) | 0.06 | 23 (62.2%) | 155 (69.8%) | 0.35 |
 Male | 21 (19.3%) | 113 (28.4%) | 14 (37.8%) | 67 (30.2%) | ||
Age (years) | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 43(37–49) | 45(37–55) |  | 42(31–52) | 45(36–56) |  |
 < 25 | 3 (2.8%) | 9 (2.3%) | 0.29 | 2 (5.4%) | 3 (1.4%) | 0.28 |
 25–44 | 59 (54.1%) | 176 (44.2%) | 19 (51.4%) | 101 (45.5%) | ||
 45–64 | 38 (34.9%) | 170 (42.7%) | 12 (32.4%) | 89 (40.1%) | ||
 ≥ 65 | 9 (8.3%) | 43 (10.8%) | 4 (10.8%) | 29 (13.1%) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
Median (IQR) | 18.9(17.2–20.6) | 19.9(17.7–22.0) |  | 17.9(16.9–19.8) | 20.0(18.0–21.9) |  |
 < 18.5 | 44 (40.4%) | 146 (36.7%) | 0.38 | 19 (51.4%) | 72 (32.4%) | 0.08 |
 18.5–24 | 59 (54.1%) | 214 (53.8%) | 15 (40.5%) | 127 (57.2%) | ||
 ≥ 24 | 6 (5.5%) | 38 (9.5%) | 3 (8.1%) | 23 (10.4%) | ||
ART status | ||||||
 On ART | 44 (40.4%) | 221 (55.5%) |  < 0.01* | 15 (40.5%) | 143 (64.4%) |  < 0.01* |
 Pre-ART | 65 (59.6%) | 177 (44.5%) | 22 (59.5%) | 79 (35.6%) | ||
Current CD 4 cell count (cells/μl) | ||||||
 Median (IQR) | 52 (32–114) | 119 (44–298) |  | 84 (31–158) | 151 (50–343) |  |
 < 100 | 73 (67.0%) | 176 (44.2%) | < 0.01* | 22 (59.5%) | 90 (40.5%) | < 0.01* |
 100–199 | 16 (14.7%) | 74 (18.6%) | 10 (27.0%) | 38 (17.1%) | ||
 ≥ 200 | 20 (18.3%) | 148 (37.2%) | 5 (13.5%) | 94 (42.3%) | ||
Symptoms | ||||||
 Cough (yes) | 79 (72.5%) | 226 (56.8%) | < 0.01* | 22 (59.5%) | 92 (41.4%) | 0.04* |
 Fever (yes) | 66 (60.6%) | 204 (51.3%) | 0.08 | 21 (56.8%) | 77 (34.7%) | 0.01* |
 Weight loss (yes) | 62 (56.9%) | 164 (41.2%) | < 0.01* | 22 (59.5%) | 96 (43.2%) | 0.06 |
 Night sweat (yes) | 54 (49.5%) | 128 (32.2%) | < 0.01* | 16 (43.2%) | 60 (27.0%) | 0.04* |
 Hemoptysis (yes) | 6 (5.5%) | 13 (3.3%) | 0.26 | 3 (8.1%) | 5 (2.3%) | 0.09 |
 Tired (yes) | 34 (31.2%) | 154 (38.7%) | 0.15 | 11 (29.7%) | 86 (38.7%) | 0.29 |
No. of WHO symptoms | ||||||
 0 | 13 (11.9%) | 90 (22.6%) | < 0.01* | 7 (18.9%) | 80 (36.0%) | 0.04* |
 1 | 17 (15.6%) | 75 (18.8%) | 5 (13.5%) | 44 (19.8%) | ||
 2 | 28 (25.7%) | 106 (26.6%) | 7 (18.9%) | 42 (18.9%) | ||
 3 | 16 (14.7%) | 73 (18.3%) | 10 (27.0%) | 27 (12.2%) | ||
 4 | 35 (32.1%) | 54 (13.6%) | 8 (21.6%) | 29 (13.1%) | ||
Previous TB history | ||||||
 Yes | 28 (25.7%) | 55 (13.8%) | < 0.01* | 8 (21.6%) | 40 (18.0%) | 0.64 |
 No | 81 (74.3%) | 343 (86.2%) | 29 (78.4%) | 182 (82.0%) | ||
Abnormal chest radiograph | ||||||
 Yes | 95 (87.2%) | 306 (76.9%) | 0.02* | 34 (91.9%) | 166 (74.8%) | 0.02* |
 No | 14 (12.8%) | 92 (23.1%) | 3 (8.1%) | 56 (25.2%) | ||
Pulmonary cavity | ||||||
 Yes | 12 (11.0%) | 15 (3.8%) | < 0.01* | 5 (13.5%) | 3 (1.4%) |  < 0.01* |
 No | 97 (89.0%) | 383 (96.2%) | 32 (86.5%) | 219 (98.6%) | ||
Smoking status | ||||||
 Never | 50 (45.9%) | 263 (66.1%) | < 0.01* | 21 (56.8%) | 128 (57.7%) | 0.91 |
 Current | 59 (54.1%) | 135 (33.9%) | 16 (43.2%) | 94 (42.3%) | ||
Alcohol use | ||||||
 Never | 86 (78.9%) | 330 (82.9%) | 0.33 | 28 (75.7%) | 171 (77.0%) | 0.84 |
 Current | 23 (21.1%) | 68 (17.1%) | 9 (24.3%) | 51 (23.0%) | ||