Table 1 Characteristics of Included Studies
Author, (year) Location of study | Disease stage ART Status Age range Gender Sample size (N) Retention (attrition) | Intervention Group No of participants allocated (No that completed) Adherence rate | Duration of intervention | Control Group No of participants allocated (No that completed) | Outcome Parameter of interest | Measurement tool for outcome | Summary of result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chung and Lou (2019) Hong Kong | NR On ART 56–84 years Male (16), Female (5) N = 21 95.24% (4.76%) | 45 min of supervised combined aerobic & resistance training, each at a moderate intensity of 50–70% MHR, 2 sessions/week for 8 weeks 11 (10) 96.3% | 8 weeks | Unsupervised exercise/advised to continue routine daily activities & self-exercise 10 (10) | Social functioning/social participation | The social functioning domain of SF-36 MOS | Self-image & confidence in social life were improved (p = 0.043) |
Oliveira et al. (2019) Brazil | NR On ART 18-60 years Male (21), Female (25) N = 46 50% (50%) | 15–20 min of supervised combined exercise training (CET): (Aerobic exercise: 15–20 min of moderate-intensity at 50–65% HRR) (Strength training: 15–20 min of 8–15MR of 2–3 sets) 3 sessions/week for 16 weeks n = 25 (14) 87.4% | 16 weeks | Recreational session consisting of stretches, gaming & dancing 21 (9) | Depression and Social Functioning/Social Participation | Becks Depression Inventory (BDI) and The social functioning subscale of WHOQOL-HIV | Symptoms of depression were relieved (p < 0.05), unlike the social functioning |
Dianatinasab et al. (2018) Iran | NR NR 20–40 years Women N = 40 75% (25%) | Supervised Combinational exercise (Aerobic exercise: 45 min at 40–45% MHR) (Strengthening exercise: 15 min of 3 sets of 8 repetitions at 50–55% RM) 3 sessions/week for 12 weeks Plus VCT’s routine services n = 20 (14) NR | 12 weeks | VCT’s routine services n = 20 (16) | Depression | GHQ-28 | Symptoms of severe depression were ameliorated (p = 0.008) |
McDermott et al. (2016) Ireland | NR NR 18–65 years Male (8), Female (3) NR (2) N = 13 84.6% (15.4%) | 31-52 min of 2 supervised & 1 unsupervised (recorded in a diary by participants) aerobic exercise training sessions/week: Circuit training on a treadmill, cycle ergometer, cross-trainer 3 sessions/week at 40–75% HRR for 16 weeks n = 6 (5) 60% | 16 weeks | No exercise/adviced to continue with their daily routine n = 7 (6) | Physical Activity level | Actigraph GT3X + Tri Axis Accelerometer | Physical Activity level was largely unchanged |
Aweto et al. (2016) Nigeria | Asymptomatic, non-AIDS & symptomatic, non-AIDS HIV patients On HAART 18 years & above Male (15), Female (25) N = 40 84.5% (15.5%) | 30 min of supervised aerobic exercise at 50–60% HRR on a cycle ergometer, 3 sessions/week for 6 weeks n = 20 (18) NR | 6 weeks | No therapeutic exercises, only had 30 min session of counselling once in 2 weeks n = 20 (15) | Depression | BDI | Symptoms of depression were ameliorated (p = 0.001) in the study group than control group |
Jaggers et al. (2015) USA | Asymptomatic (63%), Symptomatic (10%), AIDS patients (25%), Missing report (2%) 36 Participants on ART 18 years & older Male (37), Female (12) NR (44) N = 93 52.69% (47.31%) | Supervised combined aerobic & resistance training for 50 min—(Aerobic exercise: 30 min on treadmill at 50–70% MHR; Resistance training: 20 min of 1 set, 12 repetitions), 2 sessions/week for 6 weeks n = 46(26) 2 missing data NR | 6 weeks | Engaged in a sedentary lifestyle n = 47(23) 3 missing data | Depression | POMS-D | Symptoms of self-reported depression were ameliorated (p = 0.03) |
Roos et al. (2014) South Africa | NR On HAART 20–65 years Male (18), Female (66) N = 84 (60.7%) 39.3% | Participants received a pedometer & activity diary that included education material & documents for self-monitoring Brisk walking was encouraged at 60–75% of the age-predicted maximum heart rate Participants received 5 monthly contact sessions & 1 cellphone SMS as motivation Incremental walking program started at 1000 steps/day from participants’ baseline step count, at 3 times/week Step count was adjusted with additional 500 steps every 2 weeks when participants attained their preceding goal until a value of 3000 steps from baseline was achieved After reaching the 3000-step count goal, frequency/week was adjusted from 3 to 4 to 5 times/week only if participants reached their previously determined frequency & managed well without physical complaints 42 (29) 72.4% | 12 months | Control group continued with standard clinic Management & received 1 phone call monthly from the researcher to determine participants’ health status 42 (22) | Physical Activity Level | Yamax SW200 Pedometer | Physical activity level was not significantly improved but participants exceeded the optimum (3000 steps/day) public Health recommendation |
Maharaj and Chetty (2011) South Africa | NR On HAART 18 & older Male (34), Female (18) N = 52 69% (31%) | Total duration of 40 min Supervised aerobic exercise: on a cycle ergometer & treadmill for 20 min each with a rest period of 20 min once a week for 12 weeks Home programme: 10 min of brisk walking, squatting & jogging 3 times/week for 12 weeks 26(20) 77% | 12 weeks | Received 20 min of Heat therapy on the thigh muscles using shortwave diathermy plus a reading of magazines at home for 30 min, 3 times/week for 12 weeks 26(16) | Social functioning/Social participation | The social functioning domain of SF-36 MOS | Social functioning was improved (p = 0.022) |
Ogalha et al. (2011) Brazil | NR On ARV drugs 18 & older Male(34), Female(29) (Gender of 7 dropouts in the control group was not reported) N = 70 90% (10%) | One hour supervised gym class plus monthly nutritional counselling 3 times/week for 24 weeks 35(35) 70% | 24 weeks | One-hour monthly discussion on nutritional needs/recommendations & the importance of regular physical activity 35(28) | Social functioning/Social participation | The social functioning domain of SF-36 MOS | QOL was improved unlike social functioning |
Tiozzo, (2011) USA | NR On HAART 18 years & older Male(14), Female(9) Gender of 14 dropouts from both control & exercise group was not reported N = 37 62.16%(37.84%) | Supervised Combined Aerobic & Resistance Exercise Training (CARET): 10-50 min of aerobic exercise at 60–75%MHR plus core exercises:3 sets of 15–20 repetitions at 60–75% 1RM & resistance exercises of 1 set 8–12 repetitions at 60–70% 1RM for 3 times/week for 12 weeks 12(6) 81% | 12 weeks | No exercise participation. Telephoned every 4 weeks to maintain contact 11(8) | Social functioning/Social participation | The social functioning domain of SF-36 MOS | Physical & mental QoL improved relatively but not social functioning |
Mutimura et al. (2008) Rwanda | NR On HAART 21–50 years Male(40), Female(60) N = 100 97% (3%) | 15 min of brisk walking plus 45-60 min of supervised aerobic & strengthening exercises at 45–75% of MHR 3 times/week for 6 months The total duration of 1 h 30 min 50 (48) 82.2% | 6 months | No exercise 50 (49) | Social relationship/social participation | The social domain of WHOQOL-BREF | self-esteem & social life improved (P < 0.001) |
Neidig et al. (2003) USA | Asymptomatic, non-AIDS patients and Symptomatic, non-AIDS patients 75% On ART 18 years & above Male(52), Female (8) N = 60 80% (20%) | 60 min of supervised aerobic exercise on either treadmill, cycle ergometer or walking at 60–80% VO2 Max, 3 times/week for 12 weeks 30(18) NR | 12 weeks | Maintain usual activity n = 30(30) | Depression | POM-D CES-D BDI | Depressive symptoms was ameliorated as measured with the CES-D (p = 0.028) & POM-D scores (p = 0.045) but not on the BDI (p = 0.64) |
Baigis et al. (2002) USA | Non-AIDS defining condition NR 24–61 years Male (79), Female (20) NR (24) N = 123 78.8% (21.2%) | Home-based Programme: 20 min workout on FM 340 Fitness Master Ski Machine at 75–85% MHR 3 times/week for 15 weeks 68(52) 71.1% | 15 weeks | Usual care: 30 min visit/week for 15 weeks plus two phone calls/week 55(47) | Social functioning/social participation | MOS-HIV DASI | social functioning or participation did not improve |