Table 4 Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among participants (n = 4227)
Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Hesitancy (n = 3566) | Hesitancy (n = 661) | P | OR* (95%CI*) | P | |
Age (years), (\(mean\pm SD)\) | 33.59 \(\pm\) 10.04 | 29.92 \(\pm\) 8.48 |  < 0.001 | 0.974 (0.956–0.993) | 0.006 |
Gender, n (%) | |||||
 Male | 1219 (34.2) | 190 (28.7) | 0.006 | 1.000 |  |
 Female | 2347 (65.8) | 471 (71.3) |  | 1.331 (1.050–1.687) | 0.018 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
 Han | 3169 (88.9) | 596 (90.2) | 0.325 | ─ | |
 Other | 397 (11.1) | 65 (9.8) |  | ||
Residence place, n (%) | |||||
 Urban | 3085 (86.5) | 535 (80.9) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Rural | 481 (13.5) | 126 (19.1) |  | 0.959 (0.710–1.295) | 0.785 |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.822 | ||||
 Single | 1392 (39.0) | 352 (53.3) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Married | 2102 (58.9) | 302 (45.7) |  | 1.039 (0.745–1.449) | 0.820 |
 Others | 72 (2.1) | 7 (1.0) |  | 0.774 (0.285–2.107) | 0.617 |
Education level, n (%) | |||||
  ≤ High school | 208 (5.8) | 52 (7.9) | 0.046 | 1.000 |  |
 College and above | 3358 (94.2) | 609 (92.1) |  | 0.771 (0.503–1.181) | 0.232 |
Population groups | 0.779 | ||||
 General population | 342 (9.6) | 92 (13.9) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Students | 573 (16.1) | 180 (27.2) |  | 1.219 (0.834–1.781) | 0.306 |
 Medical workers | 2307 (64.7) | 349 (52.8) |  | 1.140 (0.801–1.624) | 0.466 |
 Public health professionals | 344 (9.6) | 40 (6.1) |  | 1.177 (0.704–1.966) | 0.535 |
Household income (past 1Â year), n (%) | 0.344 | ||||
  > 350,000 | 116 (3.3) | 34 (5.1) | 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 110,000–350,000 | 1230 (34.5) | 198 (30.0) |  | 0.621 (0.362–1.063) | 0.082 |
 50,000–100,000 | 1562 (43.8) | 273 (41.3) |  | 0.627 (0.370–1.065) | 0.084 |
  ≤ 40,000 | 658 (18.5) | 156 (23.6) |  | 0. 675 (0.386–1.179) | 0.167 |
Ever smoking, n (%) | |||||
 No | 3156 (88.5) | 578 (87.4) | 0.436 | ─ | |
 Yes | 410 (11.5) | 83 (12.6) |  | ||
Ever drinking, n (%) | |||||
 No | 3027 (84.9) | 549 (83.1) | 0.231 | ─ | |
 Yes | 539 (15.1) | 112 (16.9) |  | ||
COVID-19 test results, n (%) | 0.581 | ||||
 Positive | 22 (0.6) | 17 (2.6) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Negative | 2669 (74.8) | 429 (64.9) |  | 0.631 (0.256–1.558) | 0.318 |
 Haven’t tested | 875 (24.5) | 215 (32.5) |  | 0.617 (0.249–1.531) | 0.298 |
Do you agree that vaccines can protect you from diseases? | |||||
 No | 268 (7.5) | 150 (22.7) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 3298 (92.5) | 511 (77.3) |  | 0.404 (0.301–0.543) |  < 0.001 |
Do you agree that you will get all vaccines that National Immunization Program or government recommended? | |||||
 No | 654 (18.3) | 268 (40.5) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 2912 (81.7) | 393 (59.5) |  | 0.783 (0.619–0.991) | 0.042 |
Have you ever hesitated to get vaccination? | |||||
 No | 2551 (71.5) | 281 (42.5) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 1015 (28.5) | 380 (57.5) |  | 1.656 (1.302–2.106) |  < 0.001 |
Have you ever refused to get vaccination? | |||||
 No | 3117 (87.49) | 436 (66.0) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 449 (12.6) | 225 (34.0) |  | 1.340 (1.022–1.756) | 0.034 |
Have you ever hesitated or refused to be get Pneumococcal Vaccine? | 0.042 | ||||
 No | 2516 (70.6) | 312 (47.2) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Ever hesitated | 784 (22.0) | 257 (38.9) |  | 1.450 (1.083–1.941) | 0.013 |
 Ever refused | 266 (7.5) | 92 (13.9) |  | 1.340 (0.862–2.083) | 0.193 |
Have you ever hesitated or refused to get Influenza Vaccine? | 0.805 | ||||
 No | 2525 (70.8) | 346 (52.3) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Ever hesitated | 781 (21.9) | 222 (33.6) |  | 0.939 (0.698–1.262) | 0.674 |
 Ever refused | 260 (7.3) | 93 (14.1) |  | 0.870 (0.563–1.344) | 0.531 |
The General Vaccine Hesitancy Scale scores | |||||
 \(m\pm SD\) | 19.12 \(\pm\) 7.91 | 25.46 \(\pm\) 8.52 |  < 0.001 | 1.043 (1.029–1.056) |  < 0.001 |
Concerns about infection with COVID-19 | |||||
\(m\pm SD\) | 9.77 \(\pm\) 2.05 | 10.10 \(\pm\) 2.05 | 0.001 | 1.086 (1.032–1.143) | 0.002 |
Do you agree that COVID-19 epidemic is a severe problem affecting the health of the community? | |||||
 No | 962 (27.0) | 217 (32.8) | 0.002 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 2604 (73.0) | 444 (67.2) |  | 0.946 (0.741–1.208) | 0.656 |
Do you agree that COVID-19 will be a great threat to your health if you are infected? | |||||
 No | 377 (10.6) | 93 (14.1) | 0.009 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 3189 (89.4) | 568 (85.9) |  | 1.212 (0.856–1.714) | 0.279 |
Do you agree that you will get COVID-19 vaccine if doctors recommend? | |||||
 No | 171 (4.8) | 241 (36.5) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 3395 (95.2) | 420 (63.5) |  | 0.176 (0.132–0.234) |  < 0.001 |
Do you agree that the advice of your family members or friends will affect your intention of getting COVID-19 vaccine? | |||||
 No | 2260 (63.4) | 271 (41.0) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 1306 (36.6) | 290 (59.0) |  | 1.533 (1.212–1.940) |  < 0.001 |
Do you agree that you have no need of getting COVID-19 vaccine because you are healthy? | |||||
 No | 3209 (90.0) | 438 (66.3) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 357 (10.0) | 223 (33.7) |  | 1.938 (1.495–2.512) |  < 0.001 |
Do you need transparent information about COVID-19 vaccine development, efficacy and safety? | |||||
 No | 557 (15.6) | 141 (21.3) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 3009 (84.4) | 520 (78.7) |  | 0.722 (0.535–0.973) | 0.032 |
Do you have doubts about the source of information about the COVID-19 vaccine? | |||||
 No | 2788 (78.2) | 297 (44.9) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 778 (21.8) | 364 (55.1) |  | 2.157(1.697–2.742) |  < 0.001 |
Have you ever received negative information about getting the COVID-19 vaccine? | |||||
 No | 1725 (48.4) | 251 (38.0) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 1841 (51.6) | 410 (62.0) |  | 1.563 (1.229–1.986) |  < 0.001 |
Would you like to get the COVID-19 vaccine after receiving the negative information about it? | |||||
 No | 1131 (31.7) | 467 (70.7) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 2435 (68.3) | 194 (29.3) |  | 0.315 (0.249–0.398) |  < 0.001 |
Do you agree that the time costs in waiting for the vaccination or staying at the clinic will be a barrier for you to get COVID-19 vaccine? | |||||
 No | 2658 (74.5) | 390 (59.0) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 908 (25.) | 271 (41.0) |  | 1.137 (0.870–1.487) | 0.348 |
Do you agree that the environment of the clinic will be a barrier for you to get COVID-19 vaccine? | |||||
 No | 2166 (60.7) | 298 (45.1) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 1400 (39.3) | 363 (54.9) |  | 1.286 (0.986–1.679) | 0.064 |
Do you agree that the cost of going to the clinic will be a barrier for you to get COVID-19 vaccine? | |||||
 No | 2561 (71.8) | 367 (55.5) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 1005 (28.2) | 294 (44.5) |  | 1.097 (0.839–1.434) | 0.498 |
Have you gotten emergency COVID-19 vaccination for some reasons? | |||||
 No | 2343 (65.7) | 500 (75.6) |  < 0.001 | 1.000 |  |
 Yes | 1223 (34.3) | 161 (24.4) |  | 0.807 (0.626–1.040) | 0.097 |