Table 4 Mortality rate due to hepatitis C (per 100,000 inhabitants) as underlying cause by (A) sex and (B) region and federative unit of residence (Brazil, 2008–2018)
From: A time series analysis of detection and mortality of hepatitis C in Brazil, 2008–2018
A) Mortality by sex | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mortality rate | Per 100,000 | Joinpoint regression model | ||||
2008 | 2018 | Period | APC/AAPC | 95% CI; p value | Trend | |
Male-to-female ratio | 1.7 | 1.5 | 2008–2018 | − 0.4 | − 1.5 to 0.6; p = 0.4 | ↔ |
Male | 1.3 | 0.9 | 2008–2018 | − 3.2 | − 4.7 to − 1.5; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2015 | 0.5 | − 0.9 to 1.9; p = 0.4 | ↔ | |||
2015–2018 | − 11.1 | − 16.4 to − 5.6; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
Female | 0.7 | 0.6 | 2008–2018 | − 1.1 | − 1.1 to − 1.1; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2010 | 8.4 | 8.4 to 8.4; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
2010–2016 | 0.2 | 0.2 to 0.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
2016–2018 | − 13.4 | − 13.4 to − 13.4; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
Both sexes | 1.0 | 0.8 | 2008–2018 | − 2.9 | − 2.9 to − 2.9; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2016 | − 0.2 | − 0.2 to − 0.2; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
2016–2018 | − 13.1 | − 13.1 to − 13.1; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
B) Mortality by region and federative unit | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region/federative unit | Anti-HCV positive or HCV RNA positive | |||||
Rate | Joinpoint regression model | Trend | ||||
2008 | 2018 | Period | APC/AAPC | 95% CI; p value | ||
Brazil | 1.0 | 0.8 | 2008–2018 | − 2.9 | − 2.9 to − 2.9; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2016 | − 0.2 | − 0.2 to − 0.2; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
2016–2018 | − 13.1 | − 13.1 to − 13.1; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
North | 0.4 | 0.6 | 2008–2018 | 3.4 | − 1.7 to 8.7; p = 0.2 | ↔ |
2008–2011 | 19.4 | − 0.8 to 43.7; p = 0.06 | ↔ | |||
2011–2018 | − 2.8 | − 6.8 to 1.4; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||
Rondônia | 0.7 | 1.0 | 2008–2018 | 7.5 | 0.3 to 15.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
Acre | 2.8 | 3.4 | 2008–2018 | 0.2 | − 5.4 to 6.0; p = 0.9 | ↔ |
Amazonas | 0.4 | 0.6 | 2008–2018 | 4.3 | − 3.1 to 12.3; p = 0.3 | ↔ |
2008–2011 | 24.7 | − 5.6 to 64.6; p = 0.1 | ↔ | |||
2011–2018 | − 3.3 | − 8.5 to 2.1; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||
Roraima | 0.2 | 0.8 | 2008–2018 | – | – | – |
Pará | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2008–2018 | 3.9 | − 4.0 to 12.6; p = 0.3 | ↔ |
2008–2010 | 37.1 | − 13.8 to 118.5; p = 0.1 | ↔ | |||
2010–2018 | − 3.0 | − 7.3 to 1.4; p = 0.1 | ↔ | |||
Amapá | 0.5 | 0.1 | 2008–2018 | − 3.3 | − 11.0 to 5.2; p = 0.4 | ↔ |
Tocantins | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2008–2018 | – | – | – |
Northeast | 0.4 | 0.3 | 2008–2018 | − 1.3 | − 3.6 to 1.1; p = 0.3 | ↔ |
Maranhão | 0.3 | 0.2 | 2008–2018 | − 4.4 | − 18.3 to 12.0; p = 0.6 | ↔ |
2008–2016 | 5.3 | − 1.6 to 12.7; p = 0.1 | ↔ | |||
2016–2018 | − 35.0 | − 74.8 to 67.5; p = 0.3 | ↔ | |||
Piauí | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2008–2018 | 1.5 | − 14.8 to 21.0; p = 0.9 | ↔ |
2008–2015 | 18.3 | 2.1 to 37.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
2015–2018 | − 28.9 | − 62.6 to 35.2; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||
Ceará | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2008–2018 | 0.0 | − 6.1 to 6.5; p = 1.0 | ↔ |
Rio Grande do Norte | 0.4 | 0.3 | 2008–2018 | − 0.8 | − 5.1 to 3.7; p = 0.7 | ↔ |
Paraíba | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2008–2018 | − 0.4 | − 5.5 to 5.1; p = 0.9 | ↔ |
Pernambuco | 0.7 | 0.5 | 2008–2018 | − 2.6 | − 4.9 to − 0.3; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
Alagoas | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2008–2018 | − 2.7 | − 8.0 to 2.9; p = 0.3 | ↔ |
Sergipe | 0.5 | 0.3 | 2008–2018 | − 3.7 | − 31.2 to 34.8; p = 0.8 | ↔ |
2008–2010 | − 39.6 | 92.3 to 375.3; p = 0.6 | ↔ | |||
2010–2018 | 8.3 | − 1.4 to 18.9; p = 0.08 | ↔ | |||
Bahia | 0.4 | 0.4 | 2008–2018 | 1.1 | − 1.9 to 4.2; p = 0.4 | ↔ |
Southeast | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2008–2018 | − 4.3 | − 7.8 to − 0.6; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2016 | − 1.5 | − 2.9 to − 0.1; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
2016–2018 | − 14.6 | − 32.0 to 7.2; p = 0.1 | ↔ | |||
Minas Gerais | 0.5 | 0.4 | 2008–2018 | 0.3 | − 2.3 to 2.9; p = 0.8 | ↔ |
Espírito Santo | 0.6 | 0.5 | 2008–2018 | − 1.5 | − 6.7 to 4.0; p = 0.5 | ↔ |
Rio de Janeiro | 1.9 | 1.1 | 2008–2018 | − 4.4 | − 6.6 to − 2.1; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2015 | − 0.4 | − 2.2 to 1.5; p = 0.6 | ↔ | |||
2015–2018 | − 13.2 | − 20.5 to − 5.2; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
São Paulo | 1.7 | 1.1 | 2008–2018 | − 4.8 | − 8.7 to − 0.7; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2016 | − 2.0 | − 3.5 to − 0.5; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
2016–2018 | − 15.1 | − 34.4 to 9.8; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||
South | 1.6 | 1.3 | 2008–2018 | − 1.4 | − 3.1 to 0.3; p = 0.1 | ↔ |
2008–2013 | 3.0 | − 0.1 to 6.2; p = 0.06 | ↔ | |||
2013–2018 | − 5.7 | − 8.5 to − 2.7; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
Paraná | 0.7 | 0.5 | 2008–2018 | − 1.4 | − 4.8 to 2.2; p = 0.4 | ↔ |
2008–2014 | 8.3 | 3.8 to 13.1; p = 0.0 | ↔ | |||
2014–2018 | − 14.3 | − 21.6 to − 6.3; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
Santa Catarina | 1.0 | 0.6 | 2008–2018 | − 5.6 | − 7.3 to − 3.9; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
Rio Grande do Sul | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2008–2018 | − 0.2 | − 1.7 to 1.3; p = 0.8 | ↔ |
Central-West | 0.5 | 0.6 | 2008–2018 | − 0.0 | − 2.5 to 2.6; p = 1.0 | ↔ |
2008–2013 | 7.1 | 2.4 to 12.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
2013–2018 | − 6.6 | − 10.7 to − 2.3; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
Mato Grosso do Sul | 0.6 | 1.0 | 2008–2018 | 3.1 | − 1.3 to 7.8; p = 0.1 | ↔ |
Mato Grosso | 0.4 | 0.5 | 2008–2018 | 0.1 | − 4.9 to 5.3; p = 1.0 | ↔ |
Goiás | 0.5 | 0.6 | 2008–2018 | 0.8 | − 4.5 to 6.3; p = 0.8 | ↔ |
2008–2012 | 10.9 | − 3.1 to 27.1; p = 0.1 | ↔ | |||
2012–2018 | − 5.5 | − 11.5 to 0.9; p = 0.08 | ↔ | |||
Federal District | 0.8 | 0.5 | 2008–2018 | − 4.3 | − 9.6 to 1.4; p = 0.1 | ↔ |