Table 2 Detection rate of hepatitis C per 100,000 inhabitants by sociodemographic variables
From: A time series analysis of detection and mortality of hepatitis C in Brazil, 2008–2018
A) Hepatitis C by sex and sex ratio (detection rate per 100,000 inhabitants) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | per 100,000 | Joinpoint regression model | ||||
2008 | 2018 | Period | APC/AAPC | 95% CI; p value | Trend | |
Male | 6.4 | 14.9 | 2008–2018 | 10.8 | 6.4 to 15.3; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
Female | 4.3 | 11.7 | 2008–2018 | 12.5 | 8.2 to 17.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
Male-to-female ratio | 1.4 | 1.2 | 2008–2018 | − 1.2 | − 1.7 to − 0.7; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
Both sexes | 5.3 | 13.3 | 2008–2018 | 11.5 | 7.2 to 16.1; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
B) Hepatitis C by age group (detection rate per 100,000 inhabitants) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | per 100,000 | Joinpoint regression model | ||||
2008 | 2018 | Period | APC/AAPC | 95% CI; p value | Trend | |
< 5 years | 0.3 | 1.3 | 2008–2018 | 18.5 | 12.0 to 25.3; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
5–9 years | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2008–2018 | − | − | – |
10–14 years | 0.1 | 0.4 | 2008–2018 | 7.9 | − 19.1 to 44.0; p = 0.6 | ↔ |
2008–2013 | − 10.1 | − 25.1 to 7.9; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||
2013–2016 | 73.2 | − 48.5 to 482.6; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||
2016–2018 | − 16.1 | − 79.3 to 240.4; p = 0.7 | ↔ | |||
15–19 years | 0.3 | 2.0 | 2008–2018 | 18.3 | 1.3 to 38.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
2008–2013 | − 0.2 | − 10.3 to 11.0; p = 1.0 | ↔ | |||
2013–2016 | 78.7 | − 8.2 to 248.1; p = 0.07 | ↔ | |||
2016–2018 | − 2.5 | − 52.6 to 100.6; p = 0.9 | ↔ | |||
20–24 years | 1.1 | 4.3 | 2008–2018 | 17.7 | 3.4 to 33.9; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
2008–2013 | − 4.0 | − 23.6 to 20.7; p = 0.7 | ↔ | |||
2013–2018 | 44.1 | 14.7 to 81.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
25–29 years | 3.0 | 6.5 | 2008–2018 | 9.8 | − 0.4 to 21.1; p = 0.6 | ↔ |
2008–2013 | − 6.1 | − 21.0 to 11.6; p = 0.4 | ↔ | |||
2013–2018 | 28.4 | 8.0 to 52.6; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
30–34 years | 5.7 | 9.3 | 2008–2018 | 6.2 | 1.8 to 10.8; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
35–39 years | 8.1 | 14.4 | 2008–2018 | 7.8 | 3.2 to 12.5; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
40–44 years | 11.6 | 18.9 | 2008–2018 | 3.8 | 2.2 to 5.5; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
2008–2013 | − 3.8 | − 4.7 to − 2.8; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
2013–2016 | 28.6 | 20.4 to 37.4; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
2016–2018 | − 8.9 | − 15.5 to − 1.7; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
45–49 years | 13.9 | 24.9 | 2008–2018 | 7.2 | 3.6 to 11.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
50–54 years | 16.0 | 31.0 | 2008–2018 | 9.1 | 5.3 to 13.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
55–59 years | 14.8 | 35.6 | 2008–2018 | 10.8 | 7.2 to 14.5; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
60 years or more | 8.5 | 27.9 | 2008–2018 | 15.0 | 10.7 to 19.4; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
C) Hepatitis C by race/colour (proportion) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity | % | Joinpoint regression model | Trend | |||
2008 | 2018 | Period | APC/AAPC | 95% CI; p value | ||
White | 71.3 | 57.5 | 2008–2018 | − 2.1 | − 2.4 to − 1.9; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
Black | 7.2 | 10.1 | 2008–2018 | 3.8 | 1.1 to 6.6; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
2008–2012 | 5.3 | 1.9 to 8.8; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
2012–2016 | 1.3 | − 4.0 to 7.0; p = 0.5 | ↔ | |||
2016–2018 | 5.8 | − 11.0 to 25.7; p = 0.4 | ↔ | |||
Asian | 0.9 | 0.9 | 2008–2018 | 1.5 | − 0.3 to 3.3; p = 0.1 | ↔ |
2008–2013 | − 1.4 | − 4.4 to 1.8; p = 0.3 | ↔ | |||
2013–2018 | 4.4 | 1.2 to 7.7; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
Mixed | 20.4 | 31.3 | 2008–2018 | 4.2 | 3.6 to 4.8; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
Indigenous | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2008–2018 | 9.2 | 2.9 to 15.9; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
Unknown | 10.4 | 11.1 | 2008–2018 | − 0.0 | − 2.9 to 3.0; p = 1.0 | ↔ |
D) Hepatitis C by level of education (proportion) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level of education | % | Joinpoint regression model | ||||
2008 | 2018 | Period | APC/AAPC | 95% CI; p value | Trend | |
Illiterate | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2008–2018 | 4.3 | 2.2 to 6.4; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
First to fourth grade, incomplete | 7.5 | 7.6 | 2008–2018 | − 0.0 | − 1.0 to 1.0; p = 1.0 | ↔ |
Completed fourth grade | 5.9 | 5.1 | 2008–2018 | − 1.8 | − 2.9 to − 0.7; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
Fifth to eighth grade, incomplete | 16.3 | 12.6 | 2008–2018 | − 2.3 | − 3.1 to − 1.5; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2011 | − 5.9 | − 8.1 to − 3.6; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
2011–2015 | 1.0 | − 1.2 to 3.2; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||
2015–2018 | − 3.0 | − 5.3 to 0.6; p = 0.02 | ↔ | |||
Completed elementary school | 12.1 | 8.2 | 2008–2018 | − 4.9 | − 6.8 to − 2.9; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2011 | − 11.0 | − 17.5 to − 4.0; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
2011–2018 | − 2.1 | − 3.7 to − 0.5; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
Secondary school, incomplete | 6.0 | 5.4 | 2008–2018 | − 0.4 | − 1.9 to 1.1; p = 0.6 | ↔ |
2008–2011 | − 5.0 | − 10.2 to 0.6; p = 0.07 | ↔ | |||
2011–2018 | 1.6 | 0.5 to 2.8; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
Completed secondary school | 16.8 | 17.5 | 2008–2018 | − 0.0 | − 0.8 to 0.7; p = 0.9 | ↔ |
Tertiary school, incomplete | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2008–2018 | − 1..9 | − 2.5 to − 1.4; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2010 | − 7.9 | − 11.4 to − 4.2; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
2010–2014 | − 3.0 | − 4.2 to − 1.9; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
2014–2018 | 2.3 | 1.6 to 3.1; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
Completed tertiary school | 7.2 | 6.8 | 2008–2018 | − 0.6 | − 2.7 to 1.6; p = 0.6 | ↔ |
2008–2014 | − 4.0 | − 6.5 to − 1.4; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||
2014–2018 | 4.9 | − 0.6 to 10.7; p = 0.07 | ↔ | |||
Unknown | 23.4 | 32.2 | 2008–2018 | 4.1 | 2.3 to 5.9; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
2008–2011 | 15.0 | 8.1 to 22.4; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||
2011–2018 | − 0.3 | − 1.7 to 1.2; p = 0.6 | ↔ | |||
Not applicable | 0.6 | 0.7 | 2008–2018 | 3.2 | 1.8 to 4.5; p < 0.001 | ↑ |