Table 1 Joinpoint regression model for detection rate of hepatitis C considering anti-HCV or HCV RNA positivity and considering anti-HCV and HCV RNA positivity by federative unit and region of residence and year of notification (Brazil, 2008–2018)
From: A time series analysis of detection and mortality of hepatitis C in Brazil, 2008–2018
Region/federative unit | Anti-HCV positive or HCV RNA positive | Anti-HCV positive and HCV RNA positive | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate | Joinpoint regression model | Trend | Rate | Joinpoint regression model | ||||||||
2008 | 2018 | Period | APC/AAPC | 95% CI; p value | 2008 | 2018 | Period | APC/AAPC | 95% CI; p value | Trend | ||
Brazil | 10.6 | 13.3 | 2008–2018 | 2.0 | 0.9 to 3.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 5.3 | 6.5 | 2008–2018 | 1.6 | 0.2 to 3.1; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
North | 4.2 | 6.0 | 2008–2018 | 4.7 | 1.4 to 8.1; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2008–2018 | − 0.2 | − 7.1 to 7.1; p = 0.9 | ↔ |
Rondônia | 9.8 | 11.7 | 2008–2018 | 12.2 | 2.6 to 22.7; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 1.9 | 3.9 | 2008–2018 | 17.0 | 4.4 to 31.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
Acre | 24 | 13.4 | 2008–2018 | − 7.5 | − 14.2 to − 0.4; p < 0.001 | ↓ | 20.7 | 0.7 | 2008–2018 | − 26.3 | − 35.6 to − 15.6; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
2008–2014 | − 8.7 | − 22.9 to 8.1; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||||||||
2014–2018 | − 46.5 | − 61.8 to − 25.1; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||||||||
Amazonas | 2.3 | 8.1 | 2008–2018 | 13.8 | 6.2 to 21.8; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 0.5 | 3.5 | 2008–2018 | 40.5 | − 55.3 to 341.8; p = 0.6 | ↔ |
2008–2013 | 42.6 | 26.4 to 60.9; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 2008–2013 | 126.9 | − 11.5 to 481.9; p = 0.07 | ↔ | |||||
2013–2018 | − 9.3 | − 19.6 to 2.4; p = 0.09 | ↔ | 2013–2016 | − 62.4 | − 99.7 to 5328.4; p = 0.6 | ↔ | |||||
2016–2018 | 206.6 | − 98.0 to 46,750.5; p = 0.5 | ↔ | |||||||||
Roraima | 11.1 | 12.6 | 2008–2018 | − 2.7 | − 4.8 to − 0.6; p < 0.001 | ↓ | 0.7 | 0.8 | 2008–2018 | − | − | – |
Pará | 1.5 | 3.4 | 2008–2018 | 8.4 | 3.1 to 13.9; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 0.5 | 0.6 | 2008–2018 | 2.1 | − 0.6 to 4.9; p = 0.1 | ↔ |
Amapá | 8.0 | 3.8 | 2008–2018 | − 5.1 | − 9.5 to − 0.4; p < 0.001 | ↓ | 5.7 | 1.2 | 2008–2018 | − 10.0 | − 14.8 to − 4.9; p < 0.001 | ↓ |
Tocantins | 3.7 | 2.8 | 2008–2018 | − 0.5 | − 3.6 to 2.7; p = 0.7 | ↔ | 0.5 | 0.6 | 2008–2018 | 3.3 | − 37.5 to 70.7; p = 0.9 | ↔ |
2008–2010 | − 63.9 | − 98.7 to 939.0; p = 0.4 | ↔ | |||||||||
2010–2014 | 100.8 | − 25.3 to 439.8; p = 0.1 | ↔ | |||||||||
2014–2018 | − 10.2 | − 50.8 to 63.9; p = 0.6 | ↔ | |||||||||
Northeast | 2.2 | 4.1 | 2008–2018 | 5.6 | − 2.1 to 13.9; p = 0.2 | ↔ | 1.0 | 2.2 | 2008–2018 | 7.8 | 1.0 to 15.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
2008–2012 | 11.8 | 3.1 to 21.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 2008–2012 | 13.5 | 5.8 to 21.7; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||
2012–2015 | − 6.0 | − 34.8 to 35.5; p = 0.6 | ↔ | 2012–2015 | − 7.6 | − 32.5 to 26.5; p = 0.5 | ↔ | |||||
2015–2018 | 10.1 | − 4.9 to 27.5; p = 0.1 | ↔ | 2015–2018 | 17.4 | 3.5 to 33.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||
Maranhão | 2.7 | 3.1 | 2008–2018 | − 2.7 | − 8.6 to 3.6; p = 0.3 | ↔ | 1.1 | 1.3 | 2008–2018 | 0.3 | − 8.1 to 9.6; p = 0.9 | ↔ |
Piauí | 0.2 | 2.2 | 2008–2018 | 28.5 | 20.3 to 37.3; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 0.1 | 1.5 | 2008–2018 | 34.8 | 24.6 to 45.9; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
2008–2011 | 109.0 | 64.1 to 166.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 2008–2011 | 130.0 | 71.6 to 208.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||
2011–2018 | 4.3 | − 1.4 to 10.4; p = 0.1 | ↔ | 2011–2018 | 7.2 | 0.7 to 14.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||
Ceará | 1.7 | 3 | 2008–2018 | 5.0 | 2.7 to 7.3; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 0.7 | 1.5 | 2008–2018 | 8.3 | 4.4 to 12.4; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
Rio Grande do Norte | 3.6 | 3.8 | 2008–2018 | 1.9 | − 6.1 to 10.6; p = 0.6 | ↔ | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2008–2018 | 1.8 | − 4.1 to 8.0; p = 0.6 | ↔ |
2008–2012 | − 1.5 | − 9.8 to 7.5; p = 0.6 | ↔ | 2008–2015 | − 7.2 | − 11.4 to − 2.8; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||||
2012–2015 | − 12.8 | − 41.3 to 29.4; p = 0.3 | ↔ | 2015–2018 | 26.2 | 1.2 to 57.4; p = 0.04 | ↔ | |||||
2015–2018 | 24.8 | 6.5 to 46.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||||||
Paraíba | 0.7 | 3.4 | 2008–2018 | 14.3 | − 4.0 to 36.1; p = 0.1 | ↔ | 0.1 | 2.4 | 2008–2018 | 38.4 | 12.7 to 69.9; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
2008–2010 | 95.2 | − 28.6 to 433.9; p = 0.2 | ↔ | 2008–2010 | 239.8 | − 0.6 to 1061.8; p = 0.05 | ↔ | |||||
2010–2018 | − 0.0 | − 10.0 to 11.1; p = 1.0 | ↔ | 2010–2018 | 10.6 | 1.2 to 20.8. p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||
Pernambuco | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2008–2018 | 2.8 | − 6.4 to 12.9; p = 0.5 | ↔ | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2008–2018 | 14.2 | − 16.3 to 55.9; p = 0.4 | ↔ |
2008–2012 | 101.5 | − 6.1 to 332.2; p = 0.06 | ↔ | |||||||||
2012–2018 | − 21.8 | − 47.6 to 16.7; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||||||||
Alagoas | 2 | 4.2 | 2008–2018 | 4.8 | − 2.1 to 12.2; p = 0.2 | ↔ | 1 | 1.6 | 2008–2018 | 0.9 | − 5.3 to 7.6; p = 0.7 | ↔ |
2008–2013 | − 10.3 | − 20.5 to 1.1; p = 0.06 | ↔ | |||||||||
2013–2108 | 22.5 | 8.7 to 38.1; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||||||
Sergipe | 3.6 | 5.1 | 2008–2018 | 0.2 | − 3.4 to 3.9; p = 0.9 | ↔ | 2 | 3.6 | 2008–2018 | 2.3 | − 2.2 to 7.0; p = 0.3 | ↔ |
Bahia | 2.9 | 6.9 | 2008–2018 | 5.6 | 4.0 to 7.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 1.7 | 4 | 2008–2018 | 3.9 | 0.0 to 7.9; p = 0.04 | ↔ |
Southeast | 15 | 17.4 | 2008–2018 | 0.8 | − 0.8 to 2.4; p = 0.3 | ↔ | 8.4 | 9.6 | 2008–2018 | 0.2 | − 1.7 to 2.2; p = 0.8 | ↔ |
Minas Gerais | 3.9 | 8.6 | 2008–2018 | 8.6 | 5.3 to 12.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 1.6 | 4.1 | 2008–2018 | 7.7 | 3.3 to 12.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
Espírito Santo | 6.2 | 6.3 | 2008–2018 | 3.3 | − 0.7 to 7.4; p = 0.09 | ↔ | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2008–2018 | 3.4 | − 1.6 to 8.7; p = 0.2 | ↔ |
Rio de Janeiro | 8 | 10.9 | 2008–2018 | 3.2 | − 4.1 to 11.1; p = 0.4 | ↔ | 2.7 | 7.2 | 2008–2018 | 9.3 | 2.1 to 17.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
2008–2011 | 22.2 | − 5.9 to 58.6; p = 0.1 | ↔ | |||||||||
2011–2018 | − 4.0 | − 10.4 to 2.8; p = 0.2 | ↔ | 2008–2011 | 47.4 | 15.6 to 87.8; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||
↔ | 2011–2018 | − 3.8 | − 9.6 to 2.4; p = 0.2 | ↔ | ||||||||
São Paulo | 23.9 | 24.8 | 2008–2018 | − 0.4 | − 1.9 to 1.0; p = 0.5 | ↔ | 14.3 | 13.8 | 2008–2018 | − 1.3 | − 3.4 to 0.8; p = 0.2 | ↔ |
South | 19.5 | 27.4 | 2008–2018 | 3.5 | 1.3 to 5.7; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 8.2 | 11.3 | 2008–2018 | 3.2 | 0.3 to 6.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ |
2008–2015 | 6.9 | 4.9 to 8.9; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 2008–2018 | 9.6 | 7.1 to 12.2; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||
2015–2018 | − 4.0 | − 11.1 to 3.7 p = 0.2 | ↔ | 2008–2018 | − 10.4 | − 19.4 to − 0.4; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||||
Paraná | 7.8 | 12.9 | 2008–2018 | 6.5 | 1.6 to 11.7; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 2.9 | 5 | 2008–2018 | 7.7 | − 0.6 to 16.7; p = 0.06 | ↔ |
2008–2011 | 23.9 | 4.5 to 46.9; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 2008–2011 | 42.1 | 6.4 to 89.8; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||
2011–2018 | − 0.2 | − 4.4 to 4.2; p = 0.9 | ↔ | 2011–2018 | − 4.3 | − 10.9 to 2.7; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||||
Santa Catarina | 16.3 | 18.4 | 2008–2018 | 1.2 | − 0.1 to 2.5; p = 0.07 | ↔ | 10 | 8.7 | 2008–2018 | − 0.2 | − 3.0 to 2.6; p = 0.9 | ↔ |
2008–2013 | 5.6 | 3.2 to 8.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 2008–2011 | 7.0 | − 3.6 to 18.7; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||||
2013–2018 | − 3.0 | − 5.2 to − 0.8; p < 0.001 | ↓ | 2011–2018 | − 3.2 | − 5.5 to − 0.8; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||||
Rio Grande do Sul | 32.8 | 47.4 | 2008–2018 | 3.2 | − 1.1 to 7.7; p = 0.1 | ↔ | 12.3 | 19.2 | 2008–2018 | 3.9 | − 4.4 to 12.8; p = 0.4 | ↔ |
2008–2010 | − 4.0 | − 27.4 to 27.0; p = 0.7 | ↔ | 2008–2018 | 5.6 | − 3.9 to 16.0; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||||
2010–2014 | 12.7 | 3.3 to 22.9; < 0.001 | ↑ | 2008–2018 | 22.5 | − 17.7 to 82.5; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||||
2014–2018 | − 1.9 | − 7.0 to 3.4; p = 0.3 | ↔ | 2008–2018 | − 13.9 | − 26.9 to 1.5; p = 0.6 | ↔ | |||||
Central-West | 6.2 | 6 | 2008–2018 | − 0.6 | − 1.7 to 0.7; p = 0.3 | ↔ | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2008–2018 | 0.9 | − 1.6 to 3.3; p = 0.4 | ↔ |
Mato Grosso do Sul | 8.6 | 9.5 | 2008–2018 | 2.3 | − 11.3 to 17.9; p = 0.8 | ↔ | 1.8 | 5.2 | 2008–2018 | 13.4 | − 11.9 to 46.1; p = 0.3 | ↔ |
2008–2013 | 1.1 | − 7.5 to 10.4; p = 0.7 | ↔ | 2008–2013 | 18.5 | 1.0 to 39.0; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||
2013–2016 | − 29.6 | − 61.1 to 27.4; p = 0.2 | ↔ | 2013–2016 | − 28.6 | − 75.3 to 106.9; p = 0.4 | ↔ | |||||
2016–2018 | 84.7 | − 8.2 to 272.0; p = 0.06 | ↔ | 2016–2018 | 103.5 | − 40.7 to 597.7; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||||
Mato Grosso | 4.6 | 6 | 2008–2018 | 3.4 | − 0.1 to 7.0; p = 0.05 | ↔ | 2011–2014 | 6.3 | 0.5 to 12.4; p < 0.001 | ↑ | ||
2008–2013 | 13.4 | 6.6 to 20.5; p < 0.001 | ↑ | 2014–2018 | 41.2 | 22.8 to 62.4; p < 0.001 | ↑ | |||||
2013–2018 | − 5.7 | − 11.3 to 0.3; p = 0.06 | ↔ | 2008–2018 | − 12.1 | − 18.1 to − 5.6; p < 0.001 | ↓ | |||||
Goiás | 5.9 | 5.3 | 2008–2018 | 1.4 | − 1.4 to 4.2; p = 0.3 | ↔ | 2.2 | 1.5 | 2008–2018 | − 1.6 | − 11.3 to 9.2; p = 0.8 | ↔ |
2008–2011 | − 10.0 | − 26.7 to 10.4; p = 0.2 | ↔ | |||||||||
2011–2014 | 18.5 | − 28.3 to 95.8; p = 0.4 | ↔ | |||||||||
2014–2018 | − 8.4 | − 18.5 to 2.8; p = 0.9 | ↔ | |||||||||
Federal District | 6.6 | 4.3 | 2008–2018 | − 5.1 | − 9.8 to 0.1; p = 0.05 | ↔ | 3.4 | 1.4 | 2008–2018 | − 8.4 | 17.7 to 2.0; p = 0.09 | ↔ |