Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Age (years), Mean (SD)

57.5 (20.17)

66.9 (16.55)

52.7 (20.19)

 < .0001*

58.5 (18.41)

66.8 (16.65)

50.2 (16.29)

 < .0001*

Male, n (%)

234 (72.0)

68 (62.4)

166 (76.9)

0.0061^^

147 (70.3)

66 (63.5)

81 (77.1)

0.0304^^

Weight (kg), Mean (SD)

71.6 (20.47)

72.7 (22.87)

71.0 (19.17)

0.8841^

72.3 (22.18)

72.8 (23.17)

71.9 (21.27)

0.9928^

Body mass Index, Mean (SD)

27.2 (16.77)

29.6 (27.10)

26.0 (7.13)

0.1379^

28.0 (20.42)

29.8 (27.72)

26.3 (8.16)

0.3033^

Admission category

 Medical, n (%)

179 (55.1)

78 (71.6)

101 (46.8)

0.0018^^

124 (59.3)

75 (72.1)

49 (46.7)

0.0054**

 Surgical, n (%)

44 (13.5)

9 (8.3)

35 (16.2)

28 (13.4)

7 (6.7)

21 (20.0)

 Trauma, n (%)

47 (14.5)

9 (8.3)

38 (17.6)

26 (12.4)

9 (8.7)

17 (16.2)

 Burn, n (%)

8 (2.5)

1 (0.9)

7 (3.2)

3 (1.4)

1 (1.0)

2 (1.9)

 Neuro, n (%)

35 (10.8)

8 (7.3)

27 (12.5)

21 (10.0)

8 (7.7)

13 (12.4)

 Transplant, n (%)

12 (3.7)

4 (3.7)

8 (3.7)

7 (3.3)

4 (3.8)

3 (2.9)

Comorbidity

 Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

142 (49.1)

62 (64.6)

80 (41.5)

0.0002^^

93 (50.5)

59 (64.8)

34 (36.6)

0.0001^^

 Hypertension, n (%)

154 (52.0)

66 (66.0)

88 (44.9)

0.0006^^

102 (53.7)

62 (65.3)

40 (42.1)

0.0014^^

 Chronic Liver disease, n (%)

27 (10.3)

7 (8.2)

20 (11.2)

0.4533^^

14 (8.6)

7 (8.8)

7 (8.4)

0.9426^^

 Heart failure, n (%)

48 (17.8)

28 (30.4)

20 (11.2)

 < 0.0001^^

37 (21.5)

27 (31.0)

10 (11.8)

0.0021^^

 Cerebrovascular accident, n (%)

31 (11.4)

16 (16.8)

15 (8.5)

0.0384^^

26 (14.7)

16 (17.8)

10 (11.5)

0.2378^^

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), n (%)

16 (6.2)

8 (9.3)

8 (4.7)

0.1442^^

13 (7.9)

8 (9.9)

5 (6.0)

0.3612^^

Severity score within 24 h of ICU admission

 Modified Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (mSOFA), Median (Q1, Q3)

5.5 (4.00, 7.00)

5.0 (4.00, 8.00)

6.0 (4.00, 7.00)

0.9329^

5.0 (4.00, 7.00)

5.0 (4.00, 8.00)

5.0 (4.00, 7.00)

0.6435^

 APACHE II Score, Median (Q1, Q3)

14.5 (9.00, 20.00)

15.0 (11.00, 21.00)

14.0 (9.00, 20.00)

0.2706^

15.0 (11.00, 21.00)

15.0 (11.00, 21.00)

13.0 (9.00, 20.00)

0.2249*

Baseline within 24 h of ICU admission

 Admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Median (Q1, Q3)

13.0 (7.00, 15.00)

11.0 (6.00, 15.00)

14.0 (7.00, 15.00)

0.2239^

13.0 (8.00, 15.00)

11.0 (6.00, 15.00)

14.0 (9.00, 15.00)

0.0606^

 Mechanical ventilation within 24 h of ICU admission, n (%)

143 (44.3)

42 (38.9)

101 (47.0)

0.3663**

90 (43.5)

42 (40.8)

48 (46.2)

0.3091**

 AKI within 24 h of ICU admission, n (%)

47 (14.5)

14 (12.8)

33 (15.3)

0.5559^^

40 (19.2)

20 (19.2)

20 (19.2)

 > 0.9999^^

 Blood glucose level (BGL) (mmol/L), Mean (SD)

10.2 (5.18)

10.5 (4.87)

10.0 (5.40)

0.2967^

10.7 (4.95)

10.6 (4.85)

10.8 (5.17)

0.8611^

 Lactic acid (mmol/L), Mean (SD)

2.7 (2.40)

2.4 (1.69)

2.9 (2.70)

0.7442^

2.7 (2.26)

2.4 (1.71)

2.9 (2.69)

0.5299^

 Serum creatinine (μmol/L), Mean (SD)

104.0 (73.53)

114.6 (77.44)

98.6 (71.07)

0.0162^

105.8 (70.31)

114.7 (78.28)

97.0 (60.49)

0.0586^

 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Mean (SD)

8.5 (6.49)

9.8 (6.69)

7.9 (6.31)

0.0020^

8.6 (6.17)

9.5 (6.35)

7.6 (5.87)

0.0070^

 Hematocrit, Mean (SD)

0.4 (0.08)

0.3 (0.09)

0.4 (0.08)

0.1298^

0.3 (0.09)

0.3 (0.09)

0.4 (0.09)

0.2032^

 Albumin (g/L), Mean (SD)

30.8 (6.19)

29.5 (6.14)

31.4 (6.12)

0.0096*

30.7 (6.27)

29.5 (6.14)

31.8 (6.21)

0.0071*

 Platelets count (1000 × 10^6/L), Mean (SD)

243.7 (141.00)

256.9 (148.17)

237.1 (137.20)

0.2522^

244.7 (148.49)

256.2 (148.29)

233.4 (148.52)

0.1837^

 Alanine transaminase (ALT), Mean (SD)

68.4 (142.17)

46.1 (97.51)

79.2 (158.46)

0.0887^

61.7 (128.95)

47.0 (98.51)

75.9 (151.96)

0.2515^

 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Mean (SD)

94.1 (232.29)

90.9 (314.56)

95.7 (178.18)

0.0537^

101.3 (271.91)

92.5 (317.86)

109.9 (219.27)

0.0564^

 International normalized ratio (INR), Mean (SD)

1.3 (0.53)

1.4 (0.65)

1.3 (0.46)

0.5287^

1.3 (0.60)

1.4 (0.66)

1.3 (0.55)

0.8566^

 Total Bilirubin, Mean (SD)

37.5 (86.08)

33.8 (72.26)

39.5 (92.83)

0.1594^

34.0 (68.26)

33.8 (72.73)

34.2 (63.84)

0.1658^

 White blood cells (WBCs), Mean (SD)

13.0 (8.17)

12.5 (7.80)

13.3 (8.36)

0.4028^

13.0 (7.72)

12.6 (7.96)

13.4 (7.50)

0.2366^

 Maximum temperature (T max)), Mean (SD)

37.8 (3.14)

37.9 (3.99)

37.8 (2.62)

0.2355^

37.7 (2.92)

37.9 (4.09)

37.6 (0.80)

0.3100^

Vancomycin

 Loading dose, n (%)

43 (13.2)

15 (13.8)

28 (13.0)

0.8410^^

27 (12.9)

14 (13.5)

13 (12.4)

0.8159^^

 Maintenance dose (mg/kg/day), Mean (SD)

25.9 (12.16)

24.2 (11.10)

26.8 (12.62)

0.0909^

26.2 (12.58)

24.3 (11.19)

28.1 (13.65)

0.0524^

 Initial level of vancomycin trough, Mean (SD)

8.1 (3.23)

11.7 (1.18)

6.3 (2.23)

 < .0001*

9.0 (3.23)

11.7 (1.17)

6.3 (2.19)

 < .0001*