Antimicrobial resistance among GLASS priority pathogens from Pakistan: 2006–2018

BMC Infectious Diseases

Table 4 Antimicrobial resistance rates (shown as percent resistance) amongst pediatric population based on literature review (2010–2017)

Priority pathogens	Year of publication	Year of study	Category	N	AMP	CRO/CTM	CAZ	MEM/IPM	GEN	AK	CIP/OFX	SXT	CLOX	VAN	Refs.
K. pneumoniae	2013	2006–2011	I	104				20			20				[62]
E. coli	2010**	2009–2010	I	30	73.3	63.4	50.3	2.9			40.3				[63]
	2012**	2009–2010	I	30	73.3	46	46.2	20			40.3				[64]
	2016	2012–2015	I	811	84.9* (89.8–80)	78		5.3			50.6* (32.7–68.57)				[65]
	2016	2010–2011	I	35	84.9* (89.8–80)						50.6* (32.7–68.57)	77.5* (77.1–78)			[66]
	2016	2010–2012	II	46	91				40		39	77.5* (77.1–78)			[67]
Acinetobacter sp.	2012	2009–2010	I	17				52.9	66.6	46.6					[64]
	2014	2010–2011	I	12				100	100	100					[33]
	2016	2014	I	112				66	71.2	83.3					[68]
	2017	2014	I	100				94.7	100	95.78					[69]
S. Typhi	2012^α	2002–2004	II	189		0					0				[70]
S. Typhi	2010^α	2007–2008	II	16		0					46				[71]
S. aureus	2011	2004–2007	II	304									4.3		[72]
S. aureus	2012	2009–2010	I	35										0	[64]

The pathogen/antimicrobial combination used was in accordance with WHO GLASS. n value: Number of isolates included in the study reported. Category of studies included: I: Hospital based studies, II: Lab-based surveillance/Community studies. Data from lab-based (Category I) and community surveillance (Category II) studies were not merged
Resistance was graded as: very low (0–10%): in italic; low (11–30%): plain font; moderate (30–50%): underlined; high (≥ 50%): bold font
AMP ampicillin, CRO/CTM ceftriaxone/cefotaxime, CAZ ceftazidime, MEM/IPM meropenem/imipenem, GEN gentamicin, AK amikacin, CIP/OFX ciprofloxacin/ofloxacin, SXT sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, CLOX cloxacillin, VAN vancomycin, sp. species
*Data from studies conducted during the same year was merged and shown as median percentage (with 95% confidence intervals)
**Both these studies were from the same institute and thus data overlap likely
^αThe years that these studies were conducted have no overlap, data presented according to the year of study to reflect temporal resistance trends

ISSN: 1471-2334