Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients

Age, median (IQR), y

61 (50–68)

49 (29–63)

58 (48–67)

64 (56–72)

74 (56.5–81)

61 (51–68)

Gender

 Male

1336 (50.8%)

9 (39.1%)

836 (49.8%)

371 (52.5%)

25 (67.6%)

95 (51.9%)

 Female

1294 (49.2%)

14 (60.9%)

844 (50.2%)

336 (47.5%)

12 (32.4%)

88 (48.1%)

Time from illness onset to hospital admission, days

4 (0–8)

0 (0–4.5)

4 (1–9)

3 (0–7)

4 (0–8.5)

4 (0–8)

Smoking history

 Yes

186 (7.1%)

3 (13.0%)

116 (6.9%)

51 (7.2%)

2 (5.4%)

14 (7.7%)

Exposure history

 Yes

438 (16.7%)

8 (34.8%)

294 (17.5%)

95 (13.4%)

3 (8.1%)

38 (20.8%)

Symptoms

 Fever

1925 (73.2%)

8 (34.8%)

1219 (72.6%)

532 (74.7%)

25 (67.6%)

141 (77.0%)

 Cough

1860 (70.7%)

8 (34.8%)

1181 (70.3%)

517 (72.6%)

28 (75.7%)

126 (68.9%)

 Fatigue

1424 (54.1%)

9 (39.1%)

897 (53.4%)

413 (58.0%)

20 (54.1%)

85 (46.4%)

 Asthma

1173 (44.6%)

4 (17.4%)

699 (41.6%)

378 (53.1%)

20 (54.1%)

72 (39.3%)

 Myalgia

788 (30.0%)

3 (13.0%)

498 (29.7%)

214 (30.1%)

12 (32.4%)

61 (33.3%)

 Other symptoms

712 (27.1%)

5 (21.7%)

452 (26.9%)

202 (28.4%)

7 (18.9%)

46 (25.1%)

 Symptoms counts (> 3)

1053 (40.0%)

4 (17.4%)

645 (38.4%)

315 (44.2%)

19 (51.4%)

70 (38.3%)

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

848 (32.3%)

6 (26.1%)

465 (27.7%)

307 (43.1%)

17 (45.9%)

53 (29.0%)

 CAD

184 (7.0%)

1 (4.3%)

92 (5.5%)

73 (10.3%)

4 (10.8%)

14 (13.1%)

 Heart failure

11 (0.4%)

0 (0%)

4 (0.2%)

4 (0.6%)

2 (5.4%)

1 (0.5%)

 Other cardio disease

87 (3.3%)

0 (0%)

35 (2.1%)

33 (4.6%)

8 (21.6%)

11 (6.0%)

 Respiratory distress

10 (0.5%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

2 (0.3%)

7 (18.9%)

1 (0.5%)

 COPD

24 (0.9%)

0 (0%)

11 (0.7%)

8 (1.1%)

3 (8.1%)

2 (1.1%)

 Respiratory failure

28 (1.1%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

11 (1.5%)

14 (37.8%)

3 (1.6%)

 Chronic kidney disease

31 (1.2%)

0 (0%)

17 (1.0%)

6 (0.8%)

3 (8.1%)

5 (2.7%)

 Tumor history

27 (1.0%)

0 (0%)

14 (0.8%)

7 (1.0%)

3 (8.1%)

3 (1.6%)

 Diabetes

385 (14.6%)

0 (0%)

214 (12.7%)

139 (19.5%)

8 (21.6%)

24 (13.4%)

 Respiratory comorbidity

153 (5.8%)

0 (0%)

66 (3.9%)

47 (6.6%)

24 (64.9%)

16 (8.7%)

 Other comorbidities

626 (23.8%)

6 (26.1%)

369 (23.0%)

200 (30.2%)

14 (42.4%)

37 (20.2%)

 Comorbidity counts (> 3)

96 (3.7%)

0 (0%)

42 (2.5%)

40 (5.6%)

8 (21.6%)

6 (3.3%)

Maximum temperature, ℃ (IQR)

37.1 (36.9–37.4)

37.0 (36.8–37.8)

37.0 (36.9–37.3)

37.2 (36.9–37.8)

37.5 (37.1–38.7)

37.1 (36.9–37.5)

Respiratory rate, breath per min

20 (19–21)

20 (19–22)

20 (19–21)

20 (19–22)

23 (19–34)

20 (20–21)

Systolic pressure, mmHg

130 (120–140)

123 (116–132)

129 (120–139)

130 (120–143)

130 (117–143)

128 (117–138)

Diastolic pressure, mmHg

80 (74–88)

77 (70–86)

80 (74–88)

80 (74–88)

81 (70–89)

80 (72–86)

Pluses, times/min

85 (78–96)

84 (74–96)

84 (78–95)

86 (78–98)

98 (89–107)

84 (77–90)

Therapy

 Antibiotics

840 (31.9%)

3 (13.0%)

441 (26.3%)

294 (41.3%)

30 (81.1%)

72 (39.3%)

 Antiviral treatment

1656 (63.0%)

21 (91.3%)

1067 (63.5%)

412 (58.3%)

21 (56.8%)

135 (73.8%)

 Glucocorticoids

285 (10.8%)

1 (4.3%)

81 (4.8%)

165 (23.3%)

19 (51.4%)

19 (10.4%)

 Intravenous albumin

204 (7.8%)

1 (4.3%)

48 (2.9%)

112 (15.7%)

23 (62.2%)

20 (10.9%)

 Chinese medicine

2207 (83.9%)

14 (60.9%)

1420 (84.6%)

607 (85.8%)

23 (62.2%)

143 (78.1%)

 Oxygen therapy

1762 (67.0%)

16 (69.6%)

1001 (59.6%)

584 (82.6%)

30 (81.1%)

131 (71.6%)

Mechanical ventilation

 Non-invasive

75 (2.9%)

0 (0%)

7 (0.4%)

32 (4.5%)

20 (54.1%)

16 (8.7%)

 Invasive

50 (1.9%)

0 (0%)

5 (0.3%)

18 (2.5%)

14 (37.8%)

13 (7.1%)

Second outcome

 Progress to critical severe

64 (2.4%)

0 (0%)

12 (0.7%)

46 (6.5%)

1 (2.7%)

5 (2.7%)

 ICU admission

102 (3.9%)

0 (0%)

8 (0.5%)

43 (6.0%)

32 (86.5%)

19 (10.4%)

Final outcome

 Discharged

2539 (96.5%)

23(100%)

1663 (99.0%)

666 (94.0%)

21 (56.8%)

166 (90.7%)

 Dead

62 (2.4%)

0 (0%)

5 (0.3%)

26 (3.7%)

16 (43.2%)

15 (8.2%)

 In hospital

29 (1.1%)

0 (0%)

11 (0.7%)

17 (2.4%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.1%)

Kidney function laboratory measurements

 Uric acid, μmol/L

277 (222–338)

264 (230–361)

283 (229–341)

269 (209–332)

232 (144–331)

269 (212–329)

  Decreased

436 (16.6%)

3 (13.0%)

233 (13.9%)

156 (21.9%)

13 (35.1%)

31 (16.9%)

  Normal

1820 (69.2%)

17 (73.9%)

1206 (71.8%)

465 (65.3%)

16 (43.2%)

116 (63.4%)

  Elvating

216 (8.2%)

1 (4.3%)

140 (8.3%)

58 (8.1%)

5 (13.5%)

12 (6.6%)

 Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L

4.37 (3.59–5.42)

4.01 (3.17–4.68)

4.3 (3.59–5.20)

4.53 (3.61–5.95)

7.06 (4.82–10.13)

4.42 (3.52–5.48)

  Decreased

142 (5.4%)

0 (0%)

88 (5.2%)

40 (5.6%)

1 (2.7%)

13 (7.1%)

  Normal

2230 (84.8%)

21 (91.3%)

1458 (86.8%)

597 (83.8%)

19 (51.4%)

135 (73.8%)

  Elevating

116 (4.4%)

0 (0%)

43 (2.6%)

47 (6.6%)

13 (35.1%)

13 (7.1%)

 Creatinine, μmol/L

64.1 (54.8–75.2)

57.0 (51.7–69.7)

63.9 (55.0–74.8)

64.1 (54.3–76.0)

71.4 (49.85–105.78)

65.1 (55.2–78.1)

  Decreased

150 (5.7%)

0 (0%)

74 (4.4%)

56 (7.9%)

9 (24.3%)

11 (6.0%)

  Normal

2142 (81.4%)

20 (80.7%)

1426 (84.9%)

548 (77.0%)

14 (37.8%)

134 (73.2%)

  Elevating

187 (7.1%)

1 (4.3%)

85 (5.1%)

76 (10.9%)

11(29.7%)

14 (7.7%)

eGFR, ml/(min*1.73m²)

 Normal (90–120)

1896 (72.1%)

19 (82.6%)

1264 (75.3%)

476 (66.9%)

18 (48.6%)

119 (65.0%)

 Abnormal (15–89)

578 (22.0%)

2 (8.7%)

318 (18.9%)

203 (28.7%)

16 (43.2%)

39 (21.3%)

  Light (60–89)

513 (19.5%)

1 (4.3%)

291 (17.3%)

178 (25.0%)

8 (21.6%)

35 (19.1%)

  Moderate (30–59)

56 (2.1%)

1 (4.3%)

21 (1.3%)

24 (3.4%)

7 (18.9%)

3 (1.6%)

  Severe (15–29)

9 (0.3%)

0 (0%)

6 (0.4%)

1 (0.1%)

1 (2.7%)

1 (0.5%)

Ccr, mL/(min*1.73m²)

 Normal (80–120)

1312 (49.9%)

15 (65.2%)

892 (53.1%)

313 (44.0%)

10 (27.0%)

82 (44.8%)

 Abnormal (< 79)

631 (24.0%)

1 (4.3%)

406 (24.2%)

183 (25.9%)

7 (18.9%)

34 (18.6%)

  Light (51–79)

517 (19.7%)

1 (4.3%)

339 (20.2%)

145 (20.4%)

5 (13.5%)

27 (14.8%)

  Moderate (31–50)

92 (3.5%)

0 (0.0%)

55 (3.3%)

32 (4.5%)

1 (2.7%)

4 (2.2%)

  Severe (< 30)

22 (0.8%)

0 (0.0%)

12 (0.7%)

6 (0.8%)

1 (2.7%)

3 (1.6%)

EGFR reduction with normal creatinine

395 (15.0%)

1 (4.3%)

237 (14.1%)

127 (17.8%)

5 (13.5%)

25 (14.0%)

Ccr reduction with normal creatinine

511 (19.4%)

1 (4.3%)

347 (20.7%)

133 (18.7%)

3 (8.1%)

27 (15.1%)

Acute kidney injury

26 (0.99%)

Urine routine on admission

 Proteinuria

  Negative

1616 (61.4%)

11 (47.8%)

1080 (64.3%)

406 (57.0%)

16 (43.2%)

103 (56.3%)

  Positive

395 (15.0%)

2 (8.7%)

234 (13.9%)

131 (18.5%)

10 (27.0%)

18 (9.8%)

   ± 

150 (5.7%)

1 (4.3%)

92 (5.5%)

47 (6.6%)

2 (5.4%)

8 (4.4%)

   1 + 

116 (4.4%)

0 (0%)

76 (4.5%)

34 (4.8%)

3 (8.1%)

3 (1.6%)

   2 + 

61 (2.3%)

0 (0%)

39 (2.3%)

18 (2.5%)

2 (5.4%)

2 (1.1%)

   3 + 

68 (2.6%)

1 (4.3%)

27 (1.6%)

32 (4.5%)

3 (8.1%)

5 (2.7%)

 Hematuria

  Negative

1796 (68.3%)

13 (56.5%)

1218 (72.5%)

456 (64.0%)

13 (35.1%)

96 (52.5%)

  Positive

213 (8.1%)

0 (0%)

94 (5.6%)

81 (11.5%)

13 (35.1%)

25 (13.7%)

   ± 

146 (5.6%)

0 (0%)

69 (4.1%)

55 (7.7%)

4 (10.8%)

18 (9.8%)

   1 + 

39 (1.5%)

0 (0%)

15 (0.9%)

14 (2.0%)

5 (13.5%)

5 (2.7%)

   2 + 

19 (0.7%)

0 (0%)

8 (0.5%)

9 (1.3%)

2 (5.4%)

0 (0%)

   3 + 

9 (0.3%)

0 (0%)

2 (0.1%)

3 (0.4%)

2 (5.4%)

2 (1.1%)

pH value

5.5 (5.0–6.0)

5.5 (5.0–6.0)

5.5 (5.0–6.0)

6.0 (5.0–6.5)

5.5 (5.0–6.0)

6.0 (5.5–6.0)

White blood cell, count/μL

1 (0–7)

6 (0–18)

1 (0–6)

1 (0–7)

4 (0–9)

2 (0–5)