Table 2 Overview of SARS-CoV-2 detection dog studies
From: Canine olfactory detection and its relevance to medical detection
Country | Sample material | Number of sample presentations (test) | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sensitivity | Specificity | |||
France [26] | Sweat | n = 321 | 90% and 88% | 90% and 85% |
Inactivated saliva/tracheobronchial secretion | n = 1012 | 83% | 96% | |
Non-inactivated saliva | n = 2513 | 82% | 96% | |
Sweat | n = 531 | 91% | 94% | |
Urine | n = 594 | 95% | 98% | |
Iran [29] | Nasopharyngeal | n = 80 | 65% | 89% |
Masks and clothes | n = 120 | 86% | 93% | |
Colombia [28] | Saliva/respiratory secretions | n = 9200 | 89% | 97% |
Brazil [6] | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable |
United Arab Emirates [30] | Axillary sweat | n = 1368 | 92% | 96% |
United Arab Emirates [32] | Sweat | n = 3290 | 83% | 99% |
Argentina [6] | Not applicable | Not applicable | 93% | 89% |
Australia [6] | Not applicable | Not applicable | 100% | 95% |
Lebanon [6] | Sweat | Not applicable | 100% | 92% |
Sweat (airport) | Not applicable | 96% | 90% | |
Chile [6] | Sweat | Not applicable | 90% | 97% |
Finland [6] | Sweat, urine, saliva | Not applicable | 100% | 91% |
Belgium [6] | Sweat | Not applicable | 81% | 98% |
United Kingdom [31] | Breath and sweat | n = 2261 | 82%-94% | 76%-92% |
USA [27] | Saliva and urine | n = 59 | 11–22% | 94–100% |
Urine | 71% | 99% | ||
USA [33] | Breath | n = 160 | Not applicable | Not applicable |