Clinic-based diabetes screening at the time of HIV testing and associations with poor clinical outcomes in South Africa: a cohort study

Table 3 Associations of diabetes with HIV outcomes 12 months after HIV diagnosis

	Event/Total_Unexposed, N (%)	Event/Total_Exposed, N (%)	HR or RR (95% CI)	p-value	aHR or aRR^a (95% CI)	p-value
HbA1c ≥ 6.5%
HIV viral load ≥ 50 copies/mL	136/793 (17.2)	2/13 (15.4)	0.90 (0.25–3.24)	0.868	0.66 (0.10–4.36)	0.666
Hospitalized^b	73/1181 (6.2)	2/26 (7.7)	1.30 (0.32–5.28)	0.717	1.21 (0.29–5.03)	0.800
Tuberculosis^b	93/1181 (7.9)	3/26 (11.5)	1.51 (0.48–4.77)	0.483	1.28 (0.40–4.11)	0.680
Died^b	37/1181 (3.1)	2/26 (7.7)	2.58 (0.62–10.70)	0.192	1.79 (0.41–7.87)	0.443
Retained in care	950/1181 (88.4)	21/26 (80.8)	1.00 (0.83–1.21)	0.928	0.94 (0.78–1.13)	0.512
Default or lost to follow-up	194/1181 (16.4)	3/26 (11.5)	0.70 (0.24–2.05)	0.518	1.01 (0.32–3.20)	0.992
HbA1c ≥ 5.7%
HIV viral load > 50 copies/mL	106/639 (16.6)	32/167 (19.2)	1.16 (0.81–1.66)	0.428	1.17 (0.81–1.70)	0.413
Hospitalized^b	63/968 (6.5)	12/239 (5.0)	0.77 (0.42–1.43)	0.414	0.72 (0.39–1.35)	0.227
Tuberculosis^b	75/968 (7.8)	21/239 (8.8)	1.17 (0.72–1.90)	0.519	1.02 (0.62–1.69)	0.936
Died^b	29/968 (3.0)	10/239 (4.2)	1.38 (0.67–2.83)	0.382	1.02 (0.47–2.21)	0.962
Retained in care	773/966 (79.9)	198/239 (82.9)	1.03 (0.97–1.11)	0.274	1.03 (0.97–1.10)	0.315
Default or lost to follow-up	166/968 (17.2)	31/239 (13.0)	0.76 (0.53–1.08)	0.125	0.82 (0.59–1.14)	0.243

aHR adjusted hazard ratio; aRR adjusted risk ratio; CI confidence interval; HR hazard ratio; HbA_1c hemoglobin A_1c; RR risk ratio
^aAdjusting for age, sex, body mass index, antiretroviral therapy initiation, anemia, and opportunistic infections excluding tuberculosis when it is the primary exposure of interest and otherwise inclusive of tuberculosis diagnosis
^bHazard ratio

ISSN: 1471-2334