Variables | No. of patients (studies) | MD (95% Cl) | P value | I2 (%) | P value of Egger test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 1829 (8) | 13.9 [8.95, 18.9] | <  0.001 | 89 | 0.20 |
Time from illness onset to hospital admission, days | 1036 (6) | 0.62 [− 0.04, 1.27] | 0.07 | 0 | 0.20 |
Respiratory rate, breaths per min | 922 (5) | 2.94 [1.10, 4.79] | 0.002 | 70 | 0.84 |
Heart rate, beat per min | 974 (6) | 3.91 [1.09, 6.72] | 0.006 | 9 | 0.28 |
Partial pressure of oxygen, mm Hg | 358 (3) | −28.7 [−52.7, −4.65] | 0.02 | 89 | 0.46 |
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, mm Hg | 358 (3) | −5.03 [−6.95, −3.12] | <  0.001 | 0 | 0.36 |
Peripheral oxygen saturation | 491 (3) | −7.45 [−15.9, 0.96] | 0.08 | 96 | 0.52 |
Partial pressure of oxygen: fraction of inspired oxygen | 410 (4) | −122.6 [− 198.2, −47.0] | 0.001 | 92 | 0.12 |
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score | 77 (2) | 3.86 [1.90, 5.81] | <  0.001 | 0 | Not available |
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score | 216 (2) | 3.48 [3.06, 3.90] | <  0.001 | 0 | Not available |
Laboratory findings | |||||
 White blood cell count, ×109/L | 1178 (7) | 3.53 [2.53, 4.54] | <  0.001 | 48 | 0.61 |
 Neutrophil count, ×109/L | 1178 (7) | 3.86 [2.74, 4.99] | <  0.001 | 61 | 0.32 |
 Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | 1178 (7) | −0.34 [−0.47, − 0.21] | <  0.001 | 78 | 0.18 |
 Monocyte count, ×109/L | 919 (4) | −0.06 [− 0.11, − 0.01] | 0.02 | 62 | 0.95 |
 Platelet count, ×109/L | 1029 (5) | −34.0 [−57.1, −10.9] | 0.004 | 59 | 0.44 |
 Hemoglobin, g/L | 829 (4) | 0.54 [−2.49, 3.58] | 0.73 | 8 | 0.32 |
 Albumin, g/L | 694 (5) | −4.05 [−6.51, −1.59] | 0.001 | 87 | 0.51 |
 Total bilirubin, μmol/L | 639 (4) | 4.01 [3.04, 4.99] | <  0.001 | 0 | 0.12 |
 Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 1178 (7) | 3.58 [−0.72, 7.87] | 0.10 | 60 | 0.43 |
 Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 1153 (6) | 14.8 [9.56, 20.1] | <  0.001 | 57 | 0.68 |
 Creatinine, μmol/L | 1178 (7) | 18.0 [10.1, 25.9] | <  0.001 | 64 | 0.42 |
 Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 419 (2) | 3.94 [1.97, 5.90] | <  0.001 | 80 | Not available |
 Urea, mmol/L | 500 (2) | 3.41 [1.81, 5.02] | <  0.001 | 71 | Not available |
 Prothrombin time, seconds | 1273 (5) | 0.98 [0.74, 1.22] | <  0.001 | 0 | 0.68 |
 Activated partial thromboplastin time, seconds | 953 (4) | −0.47 [−3.31, 2.37] | 0.75 | 91 | 0.71 |
 D-dimer, mg/L | 1353 (7) | 5.26 [3.58, 6.93] | <  0.001 | 31 | 0.92 |
 C-reactive protein, mg/L | 1178 (7) | 55.9 [27.3, 84.5] | <  0.001 | 92 | 0.39 |
 Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 1029 (6) | 0.27 [0.14, 0.40] | <  0.001 | 76 | 0.27 |
 Ferritin, μg/L | 435 (2) | 912.1 [705.2, 1119.0] | <  0.001 | 25 | Not available |
 Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 829 (4) | 225.6 [153.8, 297.3] | <  0.001 | 81 | 0.45 |
 Creatine kinase, U/L | 1029 (6) | 59.3 [26.2, 92.5] | <  0.001 | 75 | 0.66 |
 γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, U/L | 453 (2) | 4.91 [−16.5, 26.4] | 0.65 | 92 | Not available |
 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 490 (3) | 9.01 [3.85, 14.2] | <  0.001 | 0 | 0.58 |
 Creatine kinase-MB, U/L | 670 (4) | 3.11 [0.84, 5.37] | 0.007 | 74 | 0.17 |
 N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, pg/mL | 476 (2) | 865.7 [690.2, 1041.2] | <  0.001 | 0 | Not available |
 Hypersensitive cardiac troponin I, ng/mL | 804 (3) | 68.6 [29.3, 107.9] | <  0.001 | 87 | 0.32 |
 Myoglobin, ng/mL | 381 (2) | 170.2 [91.4, 249.1] | <  0.001 | 0 | Not available |
 Cystatin C, mg/L | 186 (2) | 0.28 [0.15, 0.42] | <  0.001 | 0 | Not available |
 Interleukin-6, pg/mL | 974 (5) | 47.8 [10.6, 85.0] | 0.01 | 96 | 0.09 |
 CD3+ cell count, /μL | 306 (2) | − 315.1 [− 362.2, − 268.0] | <  0.001 | 0 | Not available |
 CD4+ cell count, /μL | 645 (3) | − 168.5 [− 196.1, −140.8] | <  0.001 | 20 | 0.02 |
   CD8+ cell count, /μL | 645 (3) | −116.3 [− 139.2, −93.5] | <  0.001 | 47 | 0.62 |