Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of liver-related and non-liver-related deaths: a population-based cohort study in Naples, southern Italy

Table 3 HRs of death for all, liver-related and non-liver-related causes among positive people to antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV⁺) according to selected variables

Characteristics	All-cause deaths^b (n = 154)		Liver-related deaths (n = 41)		Non-liver-related deaths^b (n = 113)
Characteristics	N (%)	HR (95% CI)^c	N (%)	HR (95% CI)^c	N (%)	HR (95% CI)^c
Sex
Female	64 (36.8)	1^d	19 (10.9)	1^d	45 (25.9)	1^d
Male	90 (55.6)	1.39 (0.99–1.96)	22 (13.6)	0.95 (0.47–1.92)	68 (42.0)	1.55 (1.04–2.29)
Age at enrolment
Increase of 10 years	154 (45.8)	1.86 (1.48–2.35)	41 (12.2)	1.09 (0.77–1.54)	113 (33.6)	2.09 (1.55–2.83)
Hyperglycaemia/reduced kidney function^a
None	105 (40.4)	1^d	32 (12.3)	1^d	73 (28.1)	1^d
Hyperglycaemia only	15 (40.5)	0.83 (0.48–1.43)	5 (13.5)	0.79 (0.26–2.40)	10 (27.0)	0.79 (0.40–1.58)
Reduced kidney function	28 (90.3)	1.54 (0.92–2.60)	2 (6.5)	0.32 (0.08–1.29)	26 (83.9)	2.51 (1.36–4.62)
Both	5 (71.4)	1.86 (0.76–4.57)	2 (28.6)	5.83 (1.35–25.16)	3 (42.9)	0.79 (0.22–2.83)
FIB-4 index score^a
< 1.45	19 (18.5)	1^d	1 (1.0)	1^d	18 (17.5)	1^d
1.45–3.25	78 (50.3)	1.25 (0.71–2.19)	12 (7.7)	6.66 (0.79–56.51)	66 (42.6)	0.86 (0.46–1.59)
> 3.25	56 (72.7)	1.96 (1.00–3.82)	28 (36.4)	39.96 (4.73–337.54)	28 (36.4)	0.49 (0.21–1.17)

Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, eGFR Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, HR hazard ratio
^aThe sum does not add up to the total because of missing values; ^bNon-natural causes of death (ICD-10 codes: S00-T98) excluded; ^cEstimated using Fine-Gray models adjusted for sex, age at enrolment, presence of hyperglycaemia (fasting plasma glucose > 126 mg/dL) or reduced kidney function (eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73m²), FIB-4 index score, and HCV RNA status; ^dReference category

ISSN: 1471-2334