Table 2 Inequities in full immunisation coverage in Kenya associated with socioeconomic, geographic, maternal, child, and place of birth characteristics. Inequities in full immunisation coverage (1-dose BCG, 3-dose DTP-HepB-Hib, 3-dose polio, 1-dose measles, and 3-dose pneumococcal vaccines) in Kenya among children aged 12–23 months associated with socioeconomic (household wealth, religion, ethnicity), geographic (place of residence, province), maternal (maternal age at birth, maternal education, maternal marital status, maternal household head status), child (sex of child, birth order), and place of birth characteristics. Crude odds ratios were estimated by simple logistic regression and adjusted odds ratios were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. Ethnicity and religion were excluded from the multivariate logistic regression analysis due to collinearity with the region of residence
Characteristics | Children in each subgroup n (% of total) | Full immunisation coverage (%Â and 95% CI) | Crude odds ratio | Adjusted odds ratio | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR and 95% CI | p-value | AOR and 95% CI | p-value | |||
Household wealth (quintiles) | ||||||
 Poorest | 996 (25.3) | 58.3 (54.5, 61.9) | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | – |
 Poorer | 811 (20.6) | 69.0 (65.2, 72.7) | 1.60 (1.26, 2.03) | 1.25 (0.94, 1.66) | 0.117 | |
 Middle | 705 (17.9) | 72.7 (67.7, 77.1) | 1.90 (1.45, 2.50) | 1.43 (1.06, 1.93) | 0.020 | |
 Richer | 684 (17.4) | 73.7 (68.2, 78.5) | 2.00 (1.47, 2.73) | 1.57 (1.09, 2.28) | 0.016 | |
 Richest | 746 (18.9) | 71.3 (63.6, 78.0) | 1.78 (1.21, 2.62) | 1.52 (0.96, 2.41) | 0.073 | |
Religion | ||||||
 Muslim | 336 (8.5) | 60.4 (54.1, 66.4) | 1.00 | 0.01 |  |  |
 No religion | 107 (2.7) | 67.0 (56.6, 75.9) | 1.33 (0.80, 2.20) | |||
 Christian | 3488 (88.6) | 69.0 (66.6, 71.3) | 1.46 (1.12, 1.90) | |||
 Other | 5 (0.1) | 46.0 (23.6, 70.0) | 0.56 (0.20, 1.58) | |||
Ethnicity | ||||||
 Somali | 153 (3.9) | 50.0 (42.5, 57.5) | 1.00 | < 0.001 |  |  |
 Maasai | 136 (3.5) | 45.9 (35.0, 57.2) | 0.85 (0.49, 1.46) | |||
 Mbere | 13 (0.3) | 43.9 (24.4, 65.5) | 0.78 (0.31, 1.99) | |||
 Luo | 497 (12.6) | 59.6 (54.2, 64.8) | 1.48 (1.00, 2.17) | |||
 Kalenjin | 523 (13.3) | 66.4 (61.6, 71.0) | 1.98 (1.37, 2.86) | |||
 Luhya | 604 (15.3) | 66.4 (60.4, 71.9) | 1.98 (1.33, 2.93) | |||
 Kamba | 376 (9.5) | 74.4 (66.8, 80.9) | 2.91 (1.80, 4.71) | |||
 Kikuya | 698 (17.7) | 76.7 (69.5, 82.6) | 3.29 (2.06, 5.25) | |||
 Other | 943 (23.9) | 72.6 (68.3, 76.5) | 2.65 (1.83, 3.84) | |||
Place of residence | ||||||
 Rural | 2591 (65.7) | 68.4 (66.2, 70.6) | 1.00 | 0.81 | 1.00 | – |
 Urban | 1352 (34.3) | 67.8 (62.6, 72.5) | 0.97 (0.75, 1.25) | 0.74 (0.58, 0.93) | 0.010 | |
Region | ||||||
 North Eastern | 129 (3.3) | 42.3 (35.6, 49.3) | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1 | – |
 Nairobi | 423 (10.7) | 59.7 (46.0, 72.1) | 2.02 (1.09, 3.77) | 0.81 (0.41, 1.60) | 0.55 | |
 Rift Valley | 1128 (28.6) | 65.2 (61.8, 68.4) | 2.56 (1.86, 3.52) | 1.39 (0.95, 2.04) | 0.09 | |
 Nyanza | 574 (14.6) | 64.4 (59.8, 68.7) | 2.47 (1.75, 3.48) | 1.14 (0.74, 1.76) | 0.54 | |
 Coast | 407 (10.3) | 73.4 (67.8, 78.3) | 3.77 (2.55, 5.57) | 2.35 (1.53, 3.61) | < 0.001 | |
 Western | 444 (11.3) | 72.4 (66.8, 77.4) | 3.59 (2.43, 5.30) | 1.76 (1.11, 2.79) | 0.016 | |
 Central | 384 (9.7) | 78.3 (72.4, 83.3) | 4.94 (3.22, 7.57) | 1.74 (1.05, 2.89) | 0.031 | |
 Eastern | 454 (11.5) | 78.4 (72.1, 83.6) | 4.95 (3.18, 7.70) | 2.33 (1.45, 3.75) | 0.001 | |
Maternal age at birth (years) | ||||||
 10–19 | 522 (13.2) | 66.0 (60.2, 71.3) | 1.00 | 0.22 | 1.00 | – |
 20–29 | 2373 (60.2) | 69.8 (66.6, 72.8) | 1.19 (0.90, 1.58) | 1.20 (0.86, 1.67) | 0.27 | |
 30+ | 1049 (26.6) | 65.8 (61.6, 69.7) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.36) | 1.22 (0.77, 1.92) | 0.40 | |
Maternal education | ||||||
 None | 459 (11.6) | 50.4 (45.1, 55.8) | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | – |
 Primary | 2195 (55.7) | 68.1 (65.4, 70.6) | 2.09 (1.64, 2.68) | 1.54 (1.11, 2.14) | 0.009 | |
 Secondary | 960 (24.4) | 73.3 (68.3, 77.8) | 2.70 (1.95, 3.74) | 1.73 (1.15, 2.60) | 0.008 | |
 Higher | 329 (8.4) | 78.9 (67.6, 87.0) | 3.67 (1.97, 6.81) | 2.37 (1.24, 4.54) | 0.009 | |
Maternal marital status | ||||||
 Formerly married | 312 (7.9) | 63.4 (53.6, 72.2) | 1.00 | 0.44 | 1.00 | – |
 Married | 3357 (85.1) | 68.4 (66.1, 70.7) | 1.25 (0.83, 1.88) | 1.34 (0.89, 2.04) | 0.16 | |
 Never married | 274 (7.0) | 70.9 (63.4, 77.4) | 1.40 (0.83, 2.38) | 1.23 (0.70, 2.15) | 0.47 | |
Maternal household head status | ||||||
 Head of household | 716 (18.2) | 67.9 (63.3, 72.1) | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.00 | – |
 Not head of household | 3227 (81.8) | 68.3 (65.6, 70.8) | 1.02 (0.81, 1.29) | 0.93 (0.72, 1.18) | 0.54 | |
Sex of child | ||||||
 Male | 2052 (52.0) | 67.9 (65.1, 70.6) | 1.00 | 0.74 | 1.00 | – |
 Female | 1891 (48.0) | 68.5 (65.5, 71.4) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) | 0.763 | |
Birth order | ||||||
 First-born | 1006 (25.5) | 71.2 (65.3, 76.4) | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | – |
 Second- or third-born | 1589 (40.3) | 71.2 (68.0, 74.3) | 1.00 (0.74, 1.36) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.49) | 0.65 | |
 Fourth- or fifth-born | 766 (19.4) | 68.6 (64.2, 72.6) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.24) | 1.05 (0.72, 1.53) | 0.80 | |
 Sixth-born or higher | 582 (14.8) | 54.4 (49.3, 59.3) | 0.48 (0.34, 0.68) | 0.63 (0.39, 1.00) | 0.052 | |
Place of birth | ||||||
 Home | 1424 (36.2) | 60.3 (57.0, 63.4) | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | – |
 Clinical setting | 2485 (63.1) | 72.7 (69.4, 75.7) | 1.75 (1.42, 2.17) | 1.41 (1.12, 1.77) | 0.003 | |
 Other | 26 (0.7) | 75.2 (50.7, 90.0) | 2.00 (0.68, 5.92) | 1.61 (0.58, 4.50) | 0.36 | |