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Table 3 Virological discordance and associated risk factors among HAART users in Mekelle Hospital and Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (n = 260)

From: Immunological and virological discordance among people living with HIV on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Characteristics

Virological discordance

Binary logistic regression

Multiple logistic regression

Yes n (%))

P-value

COR(95% CI)

P-value

AOR (95% CI)

Gender

 Male

16 (14.7)

0.007

3.54 (1.40–8.93)

0.029

1.71 (1.13–10.10)

 Female

7 (4.6)

 

Ref

 

Ref

Age (years) at HAART initiation

 < 35

13 (15.5)

0.012

3.04 (1.27–7.26)

0.007

4.25 (1.48–12.23)

 > 35

10 (5.7)

 

Ref

 

Ref

Age (years) at 36 months median time of HAART follow up

 < 39

19 (13.5)

0.290

1.53 (0.70–3.36)

  

 < 39

11 (9.2)

 

Ref

  

Residence

 Rural

7 (14.3)

0.143

2.03 (0.787–5.25)

  

 Urban

16 (7.6)

 

Ref

  

Chronic non-communicable diseasesa

 Yes

3 (25.0)

0.079*

   

 No

20 (8.1)

   

History of TB co-infection

 Yes

2 (4.7)

0.388*

   

 No

21 (9.7)

   

Opportunistic infections (other than TB)b

 Yes

14 (9.8)

0.663

1.30 (0.54–3.13)

  

 No

9 (7.7)

 

Ref

  

HBV co-infection (n = 139)

 Yes

2 (18.2)

0.274*

   

 No

11 (8.6)

   

HCV co-infection (n = 64)

 Yes

1 (50.0)

0.137*

   

 No

8 (12.9)

   

WHO clinical stages at baseline

 I and II

12 (9.7)

0.653

1.22 (0.52–2.87)

  

 III and IV

11 (8.1)

 

Ref

  

History of malnutrition

 Yes

10 (12.0)

0.217

1.73 (0.73–4.12)

  

 No

13 (7.3)

 

Ref

  

Regimen given (n = 257)

 TDF basedc

11 (5.6)

0.003

0.26 (0.11–0.64)

0.028

0.30 (0.10–0.88)

 AZT basedd

11 (18.3)

 

Ref

 

Ref

CD4+ count (cell/μl) at baseline

 < 100

5 (6.5)

0.390

0.64 (0.23–1.78)

  

 > 100

18 (9.8)

 

Ref

  

CD4+ count (cell/μl) at 36 months median time of HAART follow up

 < 384

16 (12.3)

0.056

2.47 (0.98–6.21)

0.340

1.71 (0.57–5.11)

 > 384

7 (5.4)

 

Ref

 

Ref

Adherence to treatmente

 Good

16 (6.6)

0.000

0.11 (0.04–0.33)

0.003

0.12 (0.030–0.48)

 Fair/poor

7 (38.9)

 

Ref

 

Ref

Educational level

 No education

5 (7.9)

0.607

1.37 (0.42–4.50)

  

 Primary

11 (13.9)

0.063

2.57 (0.95–6.94)

  

 Secondary and above

7 (5.9)

 

Ref

  
  1. Note: *P-value is determined by Fisher’s exact test; COR Crude odds ratio, AOR Adjusted odds ratio, TB Tuberculosis, HBV Hepatitis B virus, HCV Hepatitis C virus; a Includes Hypertension and Diabetic mellitus. b Includes: oral/esophageal candidiasis; Pneumonias; Diarrhea; Zoster e.t.c. c Drugs used concomitantly with TDF (Tenofovir) were: 3TC (lamivudine) + EFV (efaverinz) / NVP (Nevirapine). d Drugs used concomitantly with AZT (zidovudin); were: AZT+ 3TC+ NVP/ EFV. e Drugs used concomitantly with ABC (abacabir) were: 3TC and EFV
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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