Table 1 Characteristics of all 415 patients with severe COVID-19 and stratified into survivors and non-survivors

Gender, Male/Female, n (%)

244(58.80) /171(41.20)

106(54.36)/ 89(45.64)

138(62.73)/ 82(37.27)

Age, years, Mean (SD)

62.63(13.49)

57.77(12.67)

66.93(12.74)

age, years, n(%)

 <40

23(5.54)

15(7.69)

8(3.64)

 40–60

137(33.01)

92(47.18)

45(20.45)

  ≥ 60

255(61.45)

88(45.13)

167(75.91)

ARDS, n(%)

258(62.93)/ 152(37.07)^a;5

75(38.46) /120(61.54)

183(85.12)/ 32(14.88); 5

DIC, n(%)

20(5.00) /380(95.00); 15

1(0.52) /193(99.48); 1

19(9.22) /187(90.78); 14

Liver injury, n(%)

78(19.50) /322(80.50); 15

26(13.40) /168(86.60); 1

52(25.24)/ 154(74.76); 14

Heart injury, n(%)

104(26.00) /296(74.00); 15

12(6.19) /182(93.81); 1

92(44.66)/ 114(55.34); 14

Kidney injury, n(%)

60(15.00) /340(85.00); 15

5(2.58) /189(97.42); 1

55(26.70)/ 151(73.30); 14

Shock, n (%)

87(21.75) /313(78.25); 15

2(1.03)/ 192(98.97); 1

85(41.26)/ 121(58.74); 14

Smoking history, n(%)

20(4.84) /393(95.16); 2

15(7.69)/ 180(92.31)

5(2.29)/ 213(97.71); 2

Alcohol history, n(%)

21(5.08)/ 392(94.92); 2

15(7.69)/ 180(92.31)

6(2.75)/ 212(97.25);2

 Diabetes, n(%)

79(19.13) /334(80.87); 2

30(15.38)/ 165(84.62)

49(22.48) /169(77.52); 2

 Hypertension, n(%)

147(35.59)/ 266(64.41); 2

64(32.82)/ 131(67.18)

83(38.07)/ 135(61.93); 2

 Chronic heart failure, n(%)

39(9.44) /374(90.56); 2

12(6.15)/ 183(93.85)

27(12.39)/ 191(87.61); 2

 COPD, n(%)

13(3.15) /400(96.85); 2

3(1.54)/ 192(98.46)

10(4.59)/ 208(95.41); 2

 Stroke, n(%)

26(6.30)/ 387(93.70); 2

10(5.13)/ 185(94.87)

16(7.34)/ 202(92.66); 2

 Malignant Tumor, n(%)

19(4.60) /394(95.40); 2

10(5.13)/ 185(94.87)

9(4.13)/ 209(95.87); 2

 Chronic liver disease, n(%)

14(3.39)/ 399(96.61); 2

5(2.56)/ 190(97.44)

9(4.13)/ 209(95.87); 2

 Chronic kidey disease, n(%)

11(2.66) /402(97.34); 2

3(1.54)/ 192(98.46)

8(3.67)/ 210(96.33); 2

 Hepatitis B, n(%)

15(3.62) /399(96.38); 1

7(3.59)/ 188(96.41)

8(3.65)/ 211(96.35); 1

 HIV, n (%)

0(0.00) /414(100.00); 1

0(0.00)/ 195(100.00)

0(0.00)/ 219(100.00); 1

 Autoimmue disease, n(%)

17(4.12) /396(95.88); 2

7(3.59)/ 188(96.41)

10(4.59)/ 208(95.41); 2

Respiratory support, n(%)

 Intranasal oxygen inhalation

146(37.15)

122(63.21)

24(12.00)

 Mask oxygen Inhalation

18(4.58)

10(5.18)

8(4.00)

  High Flow

67(17.05)

24(12.44)

43(21.50)

  Non-invasive ventilation

75(19.08)

9(4.66)

66(33.00)

  Invasive ventilaiton

53(13.49)

3(1.55)

50(25.00)

  ECMO

4(1.02)

0(0.00)

4(2.00)

 CRRT, n(%)

79(19.13) /334(80.87); 2

30(15.38)/ 165(84.62)

49(22.48)/ 169(77.52); 2

 Inotropic support, n(%)

87(20.96)/328(79.03)

2(1.03)/ 193(98.97)

85(38.64)/ 135(61.36)

 Corticosteroid treatment, n(%)

226(54.45)/189(45.54)

85(43.59)/ 110(56.41)

141(64.09)/ 79(35.91)

 Influenza A

401(97.33)/ 6(1.46); 8

193(98.97)/ 2(1.03)

208(95.85)/ 4(1.84); 8

 Influenza B

402(97.57)/ 5(1.21); 8

195(100.00)/ 0(0.00)

207(95.39)/ 5(2.30); 8

 Tuberculosis

8(1.94)/ 405(98.06); 2

3(1.54)/ 192(98.46)

5(2.29)/ 213(97.71); 2

 heart rate, (per minute)

   ≤ 100

37(15.42)

28(26.17)

9(6.77)

  >100

200(83.33)

77(71.96)

123(92.48)

  Total

240(100.00)

107(100.00)

133(100.00)

 Nasal stuffiness

8(1.94)/ 405(98.06); 2

4(2.05) /191(97.95)

4(1.83) /214(98.17); 2

 Nasal discharge

12(2.91) /401(97.09); 2

5(2.56)/ 190(97.44)

7(3.21)/ 211(96.79); 2

 Sneezing

4(0.97) /408(99.03); 3

3(1.54)/ 192(98.46)

1(0.46)/ 216(99.54); 3

 Sore throat

8(1.94) /405(98.06); 2

4(2.05)/ 191(97.95)

4(1.83)/ 214(98.17); 2

 Cough

330(79.90) /83(20.10); 2

157(80.51)/ 38(19.49)

173(79.36)/ 45(20.64); 2

 Sputum production

157(38.01)/ 256(61.99); 2

67(34.36)/ 128(65.64)

90(41.28)/ 128(58.72); 2

 Chest tightness

264(63.92)/ 149(36.08); 2

113(57.95)/ 82(42.05)

151(69.27)/ 67(30.73); 2

 Chest pain

12(2.91) /401(97.09); 2

6(3.08)/ 189(96.92)

6(2.75)/ 212(97.25); 2

 Hemoptysis

7(1.69) /406(98.31); 2

4(2.05)/ 191(97.95)

3(1.38)/ 215(98.62); 2

 Headache

13(3.15)/ 400(96.85); 2

10(5.13)/ 185(94.87)

3(1.38)/ 215(98.62); 2

 Myalgia

49(11.86) /364(88.14); 2

29(14.87)/ 166(85.13)

20(9.17)/ 198(90.83); 2

 Fatigue

165(40.05) /247(59.95); 3

78(40.21)/ 116(59.79)

87(39.91)/ 131(60.09); 2

 Digestive symptoms

58(14.04)/ 355(85.96); 2

28(14.36)/ 167(85.64)

30(13.76)/ 188(86.24); 2

 Discomfort of eye

1(0.24)/ 412(99.76); 2

1(0.51)/ 194(99.49)

0(0.00)/ 218(100.00); 2

 Cyanosis

48(11.59) /366(88.41); 1

10(5.13)/ 185(94.87)

38(17.35)/ 181(82.65); 1

 Rhonchial

26(6.30) /386(93.46); 3

13(6.67)/ 181(92.82)

13(5.96)/ 205(94.04); 2

 Moist rales

76(18.40) /337(81.60); 2

33(16.92)/ 162(83.08)

43(19.72)/ 175(80.28); 2

 SPO₂(≤93%/>93%)

279(67.23)/ 136(32.77)

96(49.23)/ 99(50.77)

183(83.18)/ 37(16.82)

 Length of hospitalization, d

12.00(7.00,18.00);

15.00 (11.00,20.00)

10.00(4.00,15.00)

 Length of ICU, d

2.00(0.00,9.00);

0.00 (0.00,6.50);

3.00 (1.00,9.00);

 Temperature, °C

38.50(38.00,39.00)

38.50 (38.00,39.00)

38.50 (38.00,39.00)

 arterial pressure, mmHg

87.00(79.83,92.83); 21

86.00 (78.00,91.33);2

88.00 (82.00,93.67); 19

 heart rate, per mimute

89.00(81.00,100.00); 2

90.00 (82.00,100.00)

88.50 (80.00,102.00); 2

 respiratory rate

22.00(20.00,26.00); 1

22.00 (20.00,26.00)

22.00 (20.00,28.00)

  <24, (per minute)

251(60.48)

122(62.56)

129(58.64)

  24–30, (per minute)

87(20.96)

40(20.51)

47(21.36)

   ≥ 30, (per minute)

77(18.55)

33(16.92)

44(20.00)

  Total

415(100.00)

195(100.00)

220(100.00)

 SOFA

3.00(1.00,4.00); 4

2.00(1.00, 3.00)

3.00(2.00,5.00); 4

 APACHEII

7.00(5.00,10.00); 4

6.00 (4.00,7.00)

9.00 (7.00,13.00); 4

 Lowest leukocyte, ×10⁹/L

5.44(3.83, 8.50)^b; 10

4.45 (3.43,5.91)

7.57 (4.63,11.60); 10

 Lowest haemoglobin, g/L

109.00(88.00,123.00); 10

110.00 (91.00,124.00)

108.00 (86.00,122.00); 10

 Lowest patelets, ×10⁹/L

125.50(53.00,188.00);9

152.00 (86.00,217.00)

91.00 (42.00,165.00); 9

 Lowest neutrophils, ×10⁹/L

5.38(3.00,11.36); 14

3.55 (2.55,8.59)

6.99 (4.30,11.63); 14

 Lowest lymphocyte, ×10⁹/L

0.55(0.35,1.06); 11

0.86 (0.49,1.44)

0.44 (0.28,0.64); 11

 Lowest fibrinogen, g/L

4.10(2.70,5.90); 22

4.50 (3.40,6.50);6

3.60 (2.20,5.30); 16

 Lowest prealbumin, g/L

83.00(45.00,117.00); 10

104.00 (67.00,145.00); 1

64.00 (33.00,98.00); 9

 Lowest albumin, g/L

28.00(25.10,31.40); 8

30.10 (27.60,34.40)

26.00 (23.45,28.70); 8

 Peak D-Dimer, mg/L

10.06(1.15,42.82)

1.58 (0.63,14.04)

27.31 (7.60,58.76)

 Peak total bilirubin, μg/L

18.95(13.00,32.30); 13

15.40 (11.70,30.00); 2

22.50 (15.39,32.76); 11

 Peak alanine aminotransferase, U/L

49.00(31.00,77.00); 12

48.00 (30.00,68.00)

50.50 (31.50,87.00); 12

 Peak aspartate aminotransferase, U/L

43.00(29.00,72.00); 11

34.00 (24.00,50.00)

57.00 (36.00,108.00); 11

 Peak blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L

9.20(5.97,18.00); 14

6.66 (5.03,9.79); 1

14.90 (8.10,24.30); 13

 Peak serum creatinine, μg/L

82.00(59.40,139.80); 13

70.70 (53.70,89.30)

120.70 (69.30,276.80); 13

 Peak triglycerides, mmol/L

2.15(1.42,3.43); 14

2.16 (1.42,4.53);1

2.10 (1.41,3.27); 13

 Peak ferritin, μg/L

927.22(492.02,2000.00); 18

600.08 (356.00,987.50);6

1675.09 (837.84,2000.00);12

 Peak Interleukin −6, pg/mL

11.18(7.92,19.57); 26

9.32 (6.90,13.50); 9

13.89 (9.99,27.90); 17

 Peak erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h

60.00(43.00,79.00); 22

61.00 (45.30,88.00); 4

59.35 (40.00,73.00); 18

 Peak C-reactive protein, mg/L

122.60(30.50,160.00); 12

49.40 (8.70,121.90); 3

160.00 (111.00,160.40); 9

 Peak procalcitonin, ng/mL

0.20(0.06,2.87); 17

0.07 (0.05,0.23); 4

1.08 (0.16,6.40); 13

 Peak lactate dehydrogenase, U/L

429.00(274.00,699.00); 10

300.50 (221.00,403.00); 1

675.00 (464.00,1095.00); 9

 Peak creatine kinase isoenzyme, U/L

27.00(17.00,66.00); 16

19.50 (14.00,51.00); 1

34.00 (20.00,84.00); 15

 Peak Troponin, pg/mL

10.85(3.50,99.00); 13

4.40 (1.70,9.10); 1

70.50 (11.20,823.05); 12