All(n = 415) | Survivors(n = 195) | Nonsurvivors(n = 220) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, Male/Female, n (%) | 244(58.80) /171(41.20) | 106(54.36)/ 89(45.64) | 138(62.73)/ 82(37.27) | 0.0839 |
Age, years, Mean (SD) | 62.63(13.49) | 57.77(12.67) | 66.93(12.74) | < 0.0001 |
age, years, n(%) | < 0.0001 | |||
<40 | 23(5.54) | 15(7.69) | 8(3.64) | |
40–60 | 137(33.01) | 92(47.18) | 45(20.45) | |
≥ 60 | 255(61.45) | 88(45.13) | 167(75.91) | |
ARDS, n(%) | 258(62.93)/ 152(37.07)a;5 | 75(38.46) /120(61.54) | 183(85.12)/ 32(14.88); 5 | < 0.0001 |
DIC, n(%) | 20(5.00) /380(95.00); 15 | 1(0.52) /193(99.48); 1 | 19(9.22) /187(90.78); 14 | < 0.0001 |
Liver injury, n(%) | 78(19.50) /322(80.50); 15 | 26(13.40) /168(86.60); 1 | 52(25.24)/ 154(74.76); 14 | 0.0028 |
Heart injury, n(%) | 104(26.00) /296(74.00); 15 | 12(6.19) /182(93.81); 1 | 92(44.66)/ 114(55.34); 14 | < 0.0001 |
Kidney injury, n(%) | 60(15.00) /340(85.00); 15 | 5(2.58) /189(97.42); 1 | 55(26.70)/ 151(73.30); 14 | < 0.0001 |
Shock, n (%) | 87(21.75) /313(78.25); 15 | 2(1.03)/ 192(98.97); 1 | 85(41.26)/ 121(58.74); 14 | < 0.0001 |
Smoking history, n(%) | 20(4.84) /393(95.16); 2 | 15(7.69)/ 180(92.31) | 5(2.29)/ 213(97.71); 2 | 0.0107 |
Alcohol history, n(%) | 21(5.08)/ 392(94.92); 2 | 15(7.69)/ 180(92.31) | 6(2.75)/ 212(97.25);2 | 0.0225 |
Comobidities | ||||
Diabetes, n(%) | 79(19.13) /334(80.87); 2 | 30(15.38)/ 165(84.62) | 49(22.48) /169(77.52); 2 | 0.0673 |
Hypertension, n(%) | 147(35.59)/ 266(64.41); 2 | 64(32.82)/ 131(67.18) | 83(38.07)/ 135(61.93); 2 | 0.2657 |
Chronic heart failure, n(%) | 39(9.44) /374(90.56); 2 | 12(6.15)/ 183(93.85) | 27(12.39)/ 191(87.61); 2 | 0.0306 |
COPD, n(%) | 13(3.15) /400(96.85); 2 | 3(1.54)/ 192(98.46) | 10(4.59)/ 208(95.41); 2 | 0.0765 |
Stroke, n(%) | 26(6.30)/ 387(93.70); 2 | 10(5.13)/ 185(94.87) | 16(7.34)/ 202(92.66); 2 | 0.3557 |
Malignant Tumor, n(%) | 19(4.60) /394(95.40); 2 | 10(5.13)/ 185(94.87) | 9(4.13)/ 209(95.87); 2 | 0.6283 |
Chronic liver disease, n(%) | 14(3.39)/ 399(96.61); 2 | 5(2.56)/ 190(97.44) | 9(4.13)/ 209(95.87); 2 | 0.3805 |
Chronic kidey disease, n(%) | 11(2.66) /402(97.34); 2 | 3(1.54)/ 192(98.46) | 8(3.67)/ 210(96.33); 2 | 0.1793 |
Hepatitis B, n(%) | 15(3.62) /399(96.38); 1 | 7(3.59)/ 188(96.41) | 8(3.65)/ 211(96.35); 1 | 0.9726 |
HIV, n (%) | 0(0.00) /414(100.00); 1 | 0(0.00)/ 195(100.00) | 0(0.00)/ 219(100.00); 1 | 1.0000 |
Autoimmue disease, n(%) | 17(4.12) /396(95.88); 2 | 7(3.59)/ 188(96.41) | 10(4.59)/ 208(95.41); 2 | 0.6105 |
Respiratory support, n(%) | < 0.0001 | |||
Intranasal oxygen inhalation | 146(37.15) | 122(63.21) | 24(12.00) | |
Mask oxygen Inhalation | 18(4.58) | 10(5.18) | 8(4.00) | |
High Flow | 67(17.05) | 24(12.44) | 43(21.50) | |
Non-invasive ventilation | 75(19.08) | 9(4.66) | 66(33.00) | |
Invasive ventilaiton | 53(13.49) | 3(1.55) | 50(25.00) | |
ECMO | 4(1.02) | 0(0.00) | 4(2.00) | |
CRRT, n(%) | 79(19.13) /334(80.87); 2 | 30(15.38)/ 165(84.62) | 49(22.48)/ 169(77.52); 2 | 0.0673 |
Inotropic support, n(%) | 87(20.96)/328(79.03) | 2(1.03)/ 193(98.97) | 85(38.64)/ 135(61.36) | < 0.0001 |
Corticosteroid treatment, n(%) | 226(54.45)/189(45.54) | 85(43.59)/ 110(56.41) | 141(64.09)/ 79(35.91) | < 0.0001 |
Co-infection, n(%) | ||||
Influenza A | 401(97.33)/ 6(1.46); 8 | 193(98.97)/ 2(1.03) | 208(95.85)/ 4(1.84); 8 | 0.0799 |
Influenza B | 402(97.57)/ 5(1.21); 8 | 195(100.00)/ 0(0.00) | 207(95.39)/ 5(2.30); 8 | 0.0101 |
Tuberculosis | 8(1.94)/ 405(98.06); 2 | 3(1.54)/ 192(98.46) | 5(2.29)/ 213(97.71); 2 | 0.8428 |
Symptoms and signs, n(%) | ||||
heart rate, (per minute) | 0.0002 | |||
≤ 100 | 37(15.42) | 28(26.17) | 9(6.77) | |
>100 | 200(83.33) | 77(71.96) | 123(92.48) | |
Total | 240(100.00) | 107(100.00) | 133(100.00) | |
Nasal stuffiness | 8(1.94)/ 405(98.06); 2 | 4(2.05) /191(97.95) | 4(1.83) /214(98.17); 2 | 1.0000 |
Nasal discharge | 12(2.91) /401(97.09); 2 | 5(2.56)/ 190(97.44) | 7(3.21)/ 211(96.79); 2 | 0.6960 |
Sneezing | 4(0.97) /408(99.03); 3 | 3(1.54)/ 192(98.46) | 1(0.46)/ 216(99.54); 3 | 0.5414 |
Sore throat | 8(1.94) /405(98.06); 2 | 4(2.05)/ 191(97.95) | 4(1.83)/ 214(98.17); 2 | 1.0000 |
Cough | 330(79.90) /83(20.10); 2 | 157(80.51)/ 38(19.49) | 173(79.36)/ 45(20.64); 2 | 0.7700 |
Sputum production | 157(38.01)/ 256(61.99); 2 | 67(34.36)/ 128(65.64) | 90(41.28)/ 128(58.72); 2 | 0.1478 |
Chest tightness | 264(63.92)/ 149(36.08); 2 | 113(57.95)/ 82(42.05) | 151(69.27)/ 67(30.73); 2 | 0.0168 |
Chest pain | 12(2.91) /401(97.09); 2 | 6(3.08)/ 189(96.92) | 6(2.75)/ 212(97.25); 2 | 0.8445 |
Hemoptysis | 7(1.69) /406(98.31); 2 | 4(2.05)/ 191(97.95) | 3(1.38)/ 215(98.62); 2 | 0.8817 |
Headache | 13(3.15)/ 400(96.85); 2 | 10(5.13)/ 185(94.87) | 3(1.38)/ 215(98.62); 2 | 0.0292 |
Myalgia | 49(11.86) /364(88.14); 2 | 29(14.87)/ 166(85.13) | 20(9.17)/ 198(90.83); 2 | 0.0739 |
Fatigue | 165(40.05) /247(59.95); 3 | 78(40.21)/ 116(59.79) | 87(39.91)/ 131(60.09); 2 | 0.9509 |
Digestive symptoms | 58(14.04)/ 355(85.96); 2 | 28(14.36)/ 167(85.64) | 30(13.76)/ 188(86.24); 2 | 0.8615 |
Discomfort of eye | 1(0.24)/ 412(99.76); 2 | 1(0.51)/ 194(99.49) | 0(0.00)/ 218(100.00); 2 | 0.4722 |
Cyanosis | 48(11.59) /366(88.41); 1 | 10(5.13)/ 185(94.87) | 38(17.35)/ 181(82.65); 1 | 0.0001 |
Rhonchial | 26(6.30) /386(93.46); 3 | 13(6.67)/ 181(92.82) | 13(5.96)/ 205(94.04); 2 | 1.0000 |
Moist rales | 76(18.40) /337(81.60); 2 | 33(16.92)/ 162(83.08) | 43(19.72)/ 175(80.28); 2 | 0.4632 |
SPO2(≤93%/>93%) | 279(67.23)/ 136(32.77) | 96(49.23)/ 99(50.77) | 183(83.18)/ 37(16.82) | < 0.0001 |
Length of hospitalization, d | 12.00(7.00,18.00); | 15.00 (11.00,20.00) | 10.00(4.00,15.00) | < 0.0001 |
Length of ICU, d | 2.00(0.00,9.00); | 0.00 (0.00,6.50); | 3.00 (1.00,9.00); | < 0.0001 |
Temperature, °C | 38.50(38.00,39.00) | 38.50 (38.00,39.00) | 38.50 (38.00,39.00) | 0.5281 |
arterial pressure, mmHg | 87.00(79.83,92.83); 21 | 86.00 (78.00,91.33);2 | 88.00 (82.00,93.67); 19 | 0.0005 |
heart rate, per mimute | 89.00(81.00,100.00); 2 | 90.00 (82.00,100.00) | 88.50 (80.00,102.00); 2 | 0.9356 |
respiratory rate | 22.00(20.00,26.00); 1 | 22.00 (20.00,26.00) | 22.00 (20.00,28.00) | 0.7331 |
<24, (per minute) | 251(60.48) | 122(62.56) | 129(58.64) | 0.3642 |
24–30, (per minute) | 87(20.96) | 40(20.51) | 47(21.36) | |
≥ 30, (per minute) | 77(18.55) | 33(16.92) | 44(20.00) | |
Total | 415(100.00) | 195(100.00) | 220(100.00) | |
SOFA | 3.00(1.00,4.00); 4 | 2.00(1.00, 3.00) | 3.00(2.00,5.00); 4 | < 0.0001 |
APACHEII | 7.00(5.00,10.00); 4 | 6.00 (4.00,7.00) | 9.00 (7.00,13.00); 4 | < 0.0001 |
Laboratory Tests | ||||
Lowest leukocyte, ×109/L | 5.44(3.83, 8.50)b; 10 | 4.45 (3.43,5.91) | 7.57 (4.63,11.60); 10 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest haemoglobin, g/L | 109.00(88.00,123.00); 10 | 110.00 (91.00,124.00) | 108.00 (86.00,122.00); 10 | 0.5267 |
Lowest patelets, ×109/L | 125.50(53.00,188.00);9 | 152.00 (86.00,217.00) | 91.00 (42.00,165.00); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest neutrophils, ×109/L | 5.38(3.00,11.36); 14 | 3.55 (2.55,8.59) | 6.99 (4.30,11.63); 14 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest lymphocyte, ×109/L | 0.55(0.35,1.06); 11 | 0.86 (0.49,1.44) | 0.44 (0.28,0.64); 11 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest fibrinogen, g/L | 4.10(2.70,5.90); 22 | 4.50 (3.40,6.50);6 | 3.60 (2.20,5.30); 16 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest prealbumin, g/L | 83.00(45.00,117.00); 10 | 104.00 (67.00,145.00); 1 | 64.00 (33.00,98.00); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest albumin, g/L | 28.00(25.10,31.40); 8 | 30.10 (27.60,34.40) | 26.00 (23.45,28.70); 8 | < 0.0001 |
Peak D-Dimer, mg/L | 10.06(1.15,42.82) | 1.58 (0.63,14.04) | 27.31 (7.60,58.76) | < 0.0001 |
Peak total bilirubin, μg/L | 18.95(13.00,32.30); 13 | 15.40 (11.70,30.00); 2 | 22.50 (15.39,32.76); 11 | 0.0019 |
Peak alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 49.00(31.00,77.00); 12 | 48.00 (30.00,68.00) | 50.50 (31.50,87.00); 12 | 0.1652 |
Peak aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 43.00(29.00,72.00); 11 | 34.00 (24.00,50.00) | 57.00 (36.00,108.00); 11 | < 0.0001 |
Peak blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 9.20(5.97,18.00); 14 | 6.66 (5.03,9.79); 1 | 14.90 (8.10,24.30); 13 | < 0.0001 |
Peak serum creatinine, μg/L | 82.00(59.40,139.80); 13 | 70.70 (53.70,89.30) | 120.70 (69.30,276.80); 13 | < 0.0001 |
Peak triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.15(1.42,3.43); 14 | 2.16 (1.42,4.53);1 | 2.10 (1.41,3.27); 13 | 0.5062 |
Peak ferritin, μg/L | 927.22(492.02,2000.00); 18 | 600.08 (356.00,987.50);6 | 1675.09 (837.84,2000.00);12 | < 0.0001 |
Peak Interleukin −6, pg/mL | 11.18(7.92,19.57); 26 | 9.32 (6.90,13.50); 9 | 13.89 (9.99,27.90); 17 | < 0.0001 |
Peak erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 60.00(43.00,79.00); 22 | 61.00 (45.30,88.00); 4 | 59.35 (40.00,73.00); 18 | 0.0527 |
Peak C-reactive protein, mg/L | 122.60(30.50,160.00); 12 | 49.40 (8.70,121.90); 3 | 160.00 (111.00,160.40); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Peak procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.20(0.06,2.87); 17 | 0.07 (0.05,0.23); 4 | 1.08 (0.16,6.40); 13 | < 0.0001 |
Peak lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 429.00(274.00,699.00); 10 | 300.50 (221.00,403.00); 1 | 675.00 (464.00,1095.00); 9 | < 0.0001 |
Peak creatine kinase isoenzyme, U/L | 27.00(17.00,66.00); 16 | 19.50 (14.00,51.00); 1 | 34.00 (20.00,84.00); 15 | < 0.0001 |
Peak Troponin, pg/mL | 10.85(3.50,99.00); 13 | 4.40 (1.70,9.10); 1 | 70.50 (11.20,823.05); 12 | < 0.0001 |