Table 2 Summary of characteristics of included studies
From: Self-management interventions for adolescents living with HIV: a systematic review
ID | Name of intervention | Design | Participant characteristics | Sample size | Participants on ART? | Perinatal or sexual transmission | Country & Setting | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cell Phone Support | RCTa – parallel group | Age 15–24 History of non-adherence (< 90%) 62.2% Male 70.27% Non-Hispanic/ Black/African American | n = 37 Intervention = 19 Control (usual care) = 18 | Yes | Both - 54% behaviourally infected and 46% perinatally infected | USA High income Urban Community/home | Confidence - self-efficacy for adherence Adherence Self-care abilities - substance use Viral suppression Mental health - depression Emotional health - stress Psychological health - problem solving / distraction Healthcare utilisation | |
Bhana et al. 2014) [42] | Vuka Family Programme | RCT – parallel group | Age 10–14 Child and caregiver 51% Female Black South Africans, Zulu Receiving childcare grant: n = 45 (82%) | n = 65 Intervention = 33 Control (wait list) = 32 | Yes | Perinatal | South Africa Middle-income Urban Health facility | Knowledge - HIV treatment knowledge Confidence - self-identity, self-satisfaction, self-esteem Social support - youth and caregiver communication and comfort Adherence Mental health - strengths and difficulties, child depression |
Mental Health Intervention Sauti ya Vijana (SYV; The Voice of Youth) | RCT – parallel group | Age 12–24 50.5% Female | n = 93 Intervention = 55 Control (usual care) = 38 | Yes | Both (84% perinatal) | Tanzania Low-income Urban Health facility | Internal stigmab Adherence Viral suppression Mental health - strengths and difficulties, post traumatic stress, depression | |
Peer-led TI-CBT | RCT – parallel group | Age 14–21 | n = 356 Intervention = 178 Control (other intervention with no SM components) = 178 | Yes | Unclear | Rwanda Low income Urban Health facility | Adherence Health/risk behaviour - sexual behaviour and drug use Healthcare utilisation | |
Holden et al. (2019) [47] | Stepping Stones | Non-RCT (Historical controls) | Age 5–14 Limited ART adherence/school attendance 53.7% > 10 years 52% Female | n = 177 Intervention = 86 Control (usual care) = 91 | Yes | Unclear sexual, mostly perinatal | Tanzania Low income Urban Community | Adherence CD4 |
Hosek et al. (2018) [48] | ACCEPT (Adolescents Coping, Connecting, Empowering, and Protecting Together) | RCT – parallel group | Age 16–24 Diagnosed with HIV for less than 15 months 68% Gay/lesbian 80.6% Male 51.5% Currently in school 83.5% African American | n = 103 Intervention = 57 Control (other intervention with SM components) = 46 | Unclear (71.8% taking ART) | Sexual | USA High income Urban Heath facility | Stigmac Social support Networks and communication - engagement with healthcare provider Adherence Viral suppression CD4 Health-related quality of life Mental Health - psychological distress Healthcare utilisation |
Jeffries et al. (2016) [49] | UCare4Life | RCT – parallel group | Age 15–24 Own a phone with text-messaging capability 85% Age 21–24 86% Male 76% Black or African American 68% Diagnosed less than 3 years ago | n = 136 Intervention = 91 Control (usual care) = 45 | Unclear | Unclear | USA High income Urban Home/ICT | Adherence Self-care abilities - binge drinking Viral suppression |
Letourneau et al. (2013) [50] | Multisystemic therapy | Non-RCT – parallel group | Age 9–17 Poor adherence/risky behaviour 65% Female 91% African American | n = 34 Intervention = 20 Control (other intervention with SM components) = 14 | Yes | Perinatal (33/34) | USA High income Urban Community/ICT | Adherence Viral suppression CD4 |
Mimiaga et al. (2019) [51] | Positive STEPS | RCT – parallel group | Age 16–24 Self-report adherence difficulty | n = 14 Intervention =7 Control (usual care) = 7 | Yes | Sexual (82% behaviourally infected) | USA High income Urban Community/ICT/ Health Facility | Confidence - adherence readiness, medication taking, self-efficacy Social support Interpersonal skills Adherence |
Naar-King et al. (2006) [52] | Healthy Choices | RCT – parallel group | Age 16–25 51% Male 88% African American 58% Heterosexual | n = 62 Intervention = 31 Control (wait list) = 33 | Unclear – 1/3 on ART | Sexual (91%) | USA High income Urban Health facility | Health/risk behaviour - sexual risk behaviour Self-care abilities - illicit drug and alcohol use Viral suppression |
Naar-King et al. (2009) [53] | Healthy Choices | RCT – parallel group | Age 16–24 At least 1 of 3 HIV risk behaviours 56.6% Heterosexual 52.7% Male 83.3% African American | n = 186 Intervention =94 Control (usual care) = 92 | Unclear – 34.4% on ART at baseline | Unclear | USA High income Urban Health facility | Viral suppression |
Rongkavilit et al. (2014) [54] | Healthy Choices | RCT – parallel group | Age 16–25 Mean age 21.7 80% Male 41.8% HIV diagnoses in last 6 months | n = 110 Intervention = 55 Control (other intervention with no SM components) = 55 | Unclear – 45.5% diagnosed in past 6 months | Yes, 70% MSM | Thailand Middle income Urban Health facility | Confidence - self-efficacy for health promotion and risk reduction Adherence Health/risk behaviour - Consistent condom use Self-care abilities - alcohol and substance use Viral suppression Mental health Emotional health - anxiety |
Webb et al. (2017) [55] | Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) | RCT – parallel group | Age 14–22 CD4 count > 200 Mean age 18.7 32.2% Female | n = 93 Intervention = 48 Control (Other intervention with no SM components) = 45 | Unclear | Unclear | USA High income Urban Health facility | Mindfulnessd Adherence Viral suppression CD4 s Health-related quality of life Mental health - coping Emotional health - perceived stress Psychological health – problem solving / distraction |
Whiteley et al. (2018) [56] | iPhone game (BattleViro) | RCT – parallel group | 14–26 Detectable viral load 74% Non-heterosexual Mean age 22.4 78.7% Male 96.7% Black, African American or Haitian | n = 61 Intervention = 32 Control (other intervention with no SM components) = 29 | Yes | Sexual | USA High income Urban Community/ICT/Home | Knowledge - HIV treatment, ART knowledge Confidence - motivation, self-efficacy Social support Adherence Health / risk behaviour - Sexual risk behaviour Viral suppression Mental health - psychological distress |