Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
No. | Authors | Year of study | Study site | Types of samples/number of samples | Number of malaria cases by PCR | Number of P. cynomolgi cases by PCR | Age of patients with P. cynomolgi (years) | Number of male patients with P. cynomolgi | PCR for P. cynomolgi | Target gene for PCR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Grignard et al., 2019 [18] | 2015 | Northern Sabah, Malaysia | Human/876 | 54 | 2 | 43, 63 | 2 (100%) | Genus specific semi-nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
2. | Imwong et al., 2019 [19] | 2013–2016 | Pailin and Battambang provinces, Cambodia | Human/14,732 | 1361 | 13 | Median 28, range 7–64 | 11 (84.6%) | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
3. | Raja et al., 2020 [20] | 2013–2017 | Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia | Human/1047 (seropositive for malaria) | 845 | 6 | 36, 18, 63, 50, 17, 65 | 3 (50%) | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
4. | Chinh et al., 2019 [21] | 2005–2018 | Southern Vietnam | Mosquitoes/1386 | 40 | 9 |  |  | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
5. | Chua et al., 2017 [22] | 2013–2014 | Kudat district, Sabah, Malaysia | Mosquitoes/1586 | 23 | 6 |  |  | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
6. | Maeno et al., 2015 [23] | 2010–2013 | Vietnam | Mosquitoes/6062 | 86 | 11 |  |  | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
7. | Akter et al., 2015 [11] | 2014 | Selangor, Malaysia | Macaques/70 | 36 | 18 | Â | Â | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
8. | Amir et al., 2020 [12] | 2016 | Johor, Malaysia | Macaques/103 | 64 | 42 | Â | Â | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
9. | Lee et al., 2011 [15] | 2004–2008 | Sarawak, Malaysia | Macaques/108 | 101 | 61 |  |  | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
10. | Muehlenbein et al., 2015 [16] | Not specified | Sabah, Malaysia | Macaques/41 | 41 | 4 | Â | Â | Not specified type of PCR | cytochrome b |
11. | Gamalo et al., 2019 [13] | 2017 | Luzon, Philippines | Macaques/95 | 95 | 26 | Â | Â | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
12. | Zhang et al., 2016 [17] | Not specified | Batangas/Zamboanga, Philippines | Macaques/68 | 7 | 4 | Â | Â | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |
Southern Sumatra, Indonesia | Macaques/50 | 49 | 48 | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||
Bintan Island, Indonesia | Macaques/20 | 16 | 13 | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||
Singapore | Macaques/40 | 31 | 26 | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||
Vanny, Cambodia | Macaques/54 | 44 | 27 | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||
Guidong, Laos | Macaques/44 | 30 | 28 | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||
13. | Li Meizhi I, 2011 [14] | Not specified | Singapore | Macaques/92 | 66 | 56 | Â | Â | Nested PCR | 18S rRNA |