Variable | No. observations (n = 400) § | Haemophilus influenzae | Moraxella catarrhalis | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. isolates (n = 14)σ | OR [95% CI] | p | Adjusted OR [95% CI] | p | No. isolates (n = 34)ξ | OR [95% CI] | p | Adjusted OR [95% CI] | p | ||
Group | |||||||||||
 CLD- | 18% (74) | 14% (2) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 12% (4) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 CLD+ | 82% (326) | 86% (12) | 1.4 [0.4–9.0] | 0.68 | 0.8 [0.1–6.6] | 0.82 | 88% (30) | 1.8 [0.7–6.1] | 0.30 | 1.4 [0.5–5.0] | 0.6 |
Study site | |||||||||||
 Malawi | 27% (108) | 43% (6) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 38% (13) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Zimbabwe | 73% (292) | 57% (8) | 0.5 [0.2–1.5] | 0.18 | 1.1 [0.2–7.7] | 0.88 | 62% (21) | 0.6 [0.3–1.2] | 0.13 | 0.6 [0.2–1.7] | 0.36 |
Sex | |||||||||||
 Female | 52% (207) | 57% (8) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 59% (20) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Male | 48% (193) | 43% (6) | 0.8 [0.3–2.3] | 0.68 | 1.5 [0.4–5.8] | 0.53 | 41% (14) | 0.7 [0.4–1.5] | 0.39 | 0.6 [0.3–1.3] | 0.18 |
Season of sample collection | |||||||||||
 Dec–Apr - Rainy | 36% (143) | 50% (7) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 32% (11) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 May–Aug - Cool | 39% (157) | 43% (6) | 0.8 [0.2–2.4] | 0.32 | 0.9 [0.2–3.7] | 0.42 | 38% (13) | 1.1 [0.5–2.6] | 0.81 | 1.0 [0.4–2.6] | 0.65 |
 Sep–Nov - Hot | 25% (100) | 7% (1) | 0.2 [0.01–1.1] | 0.2 [0.0–1.6] | 29% (10) | 1.3 [0.5–3.3] | 1.5 [0.6–3.9] | ||||
Enrolment age category | |||||||||||
 17-19y | 33% (130) | 14% (2) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 24% (8) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 13-16y | 40% (161) | 57% (8) | 3.3 [0.8–22.4] | 0.32 | 6.1 [0.9–119.9] | 0.24 | 56% (19) | 2.0 [0.9–5.1] | 0.16 | 1.6 [0.6–4.0] | 0.39 |
 6-12y | 27% (109) | 29% (4) | 2.4 [0.5–17.8] | 6.7 [0.9–140.2] | 21% (7) | 1.0 [0.4–3.0] | 0.9 [0.3–2.6] | ||||
Number of years on ART | |||||||||||
 6 m- < 2y | 9% (35) | 9% (1) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 15% (5) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 2- < 4y | 18% (71) | 9% (1) | 0.5 [0.0–12.5] | 0.58 | 0.3 [0.0–8.6] | 0.68 | 24% (8) | 0.8 [0.2–2.7] | 0.38 | 0.8 [0.2–2.9] | 0.39 |
 4y- < 6y | 20% (79) | 36% (4) | 1.8 [0.3–36.2] | 1.3 [0.1–27.4] | 18% (6) | 0.5 [0.1–1.8] | 0.5 [0.1–2.0] | ||||
 6y+ | 53% (208) | 45% (5) | 0.8 [0.1–16.3] | 0.8 [0.1–16.4] | 42% (14) | 0.4 [0.2–1.4] | 0.4 [0.1–1.4] | ||||
CD4 count | |||||||||||
  > 500 | 63% (251) | 43% (6) | Reference |  |  |  | 62% (21) | Reference |  |  |  |
 200–500 | 28% (110) | 21% (3) | 1.1 [0.2–4.4] | 0.01 |  |  | 26% (9) | 1.0 [0.4–2.1] | 0.9 |  |  |
  < 200 | 10% (38) | 36% (5) | 6.2 [1.7–21.7] |  |  | 12% (4) | 1.3 [0.4–3.6] |  |  | ||
Enrolment viral load | |||||||||||
 Unsuppressed | 42% (169) | 64% (9) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 47% (16) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Suppressed | 58% (231) | 36% (5) | 0.4 [0.1–1.2] | 0.1 | 0.4 [0.1–1.3] | 0.13 | 53% (18) | 0.8 [0.4–1.7] | 0.55 | 0.8 [0.4–1.8] | 0.64 |
ART regimen | |||||||||||
 PI-based regimen - 2nd line | 24% (98) | 14% (2) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 29% (10) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 NNRTI-based regimen -1st line | 76% (302) | 86% (12) | 3.9 [0.8–72.1] | 0.19 | 3.9 [0.6–77.4] | 0.23 | 71% (24) | 0.8 [0.4–2.0] | 0.66 | 0.7 [0.3–1.9] | 0.49 |
Ever treated for TB | |||||||||||
 No | 74% (294) | 64% (9) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 76% (26) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Yes | 26% (104) | 36% (5) | 1.6 [0.5–4.7] | 0.41 | 3.2 [0.8–12.3] | 0.09 | 24% (8) | 0.9 [0.4–1.9] | 0.72 | 0.8 [0.3–2.0] | 0.68 |
Enrolment weight- for-age- z-score | |||||||||||
 Not underweight | 54% (217) | 50% (7) | Reference |  |  |  | 32% (11) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Underweight | 46% (183) | 50% (7) | 1.2 [0.4–3.6] | 0.75 |  |  | 68% (23) | 2.7 [1.3–5.9] | 0.01 |  |  |
Enrolment height-for-age- z-score - | |||||||||||
 Not stunted | 55% (218) | 57% (8) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 41% (14) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Stunted | 46% (182) | 43% (6) | 0.9 [0.3–2.6] | 0.84 | 1.4 [0.4–5.3] | 0.65 | 59% (20) | 1.8 [0.9–3.7] | 0.11 | 1.7 [0.8–3.9] | 0.17 |
Ever repeated a grade | |||||||||||
 No | 46% (180) | 50% (7) | Reference |  |  |  | 39% (13) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Yes | 54% (211) | 50% (7) | 0.9 [0.3–2.5] | 0.76 |  |  | 61% (20) | 1.4 [0.7–2.9] | 0.43 |  |  |
MRC dyspnoea score | |||||||||||
 1 or 0 | 60% (240) | 57% (8) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 56% (19) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
  > 1 | 40% (159) | 43% (6) | 1.1 [0.4–3.3] | 0.82 | 0.8 [0.1–4.4] | 0.80 | 44% (15) | 1.2 [0.6–2.5] | 0.60 | 0.9 [0.3–2.2] | 0.79 |