Factors associated with delayed presentation to healthcare facilities for Lassa fever cases, Nigeria 2019: a retrospective cohort study

Chandra, Nastassya L.; Bolt, Hikaru; Dan-Nwafor, Chioma; Ipadeola, Oladipupo; Ilori, Elsie; Namara, Geoffrey; Olayinka, Adebola T.; Ukponu, Winifred; Iniobong, Akanimo; Amedu, Michael; Akano, Adejoke; Akabike, Kachikwulu O.; Okhuarobo, Uwaifiokun; Fagbemi, Stephen; Sampson, Emeka; Newitt, Sophie; Verlander, Neville Q.; Bausch, Daniel G.; le Polain de Waroux, Olivier; Ihekweazu, Chikwe

doi:10.1186/s12879-021-05822-4

Table 2 Cox univariate analysis of confirmed cases by demographic, clinical and exposure factors, Nigeria 2019, (n = 389)

From: Factors associated with delayed presentation to healthcare facilities for Lassa fever cases, Nigeria 2019: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristic	Stratum	Hazard ratio	Crude 95% CI	Crude p-value	Proportional Hazard test of assumption
Sex	Male	Ref		0.97	0.28
Sex	Female	1.10	0.82–1.23
Age (per year)		1.00	0.99–1.01	0.95	0.05
Age group (years)	0–4	Ref		0.76	0.11
	5–12	1.08	0.60–1.89
	13–17	1.25	0.71–2.21
	18–25	0.91	0.55–1.53
	26–59	0.97	0.61–1.53
	60+	1.11	0.63–1.96
Mortality status	Dead	Ref
Mortality status	Alive	0.97	0.73–1.28	0.81	0.45
Rurality	Rural	Ref		0.34	0.37
	Semi-urban	1.39	0.79–2.46
	Urban	1.15	0.89–1.49
Malaria prevalence category	0–11%	Ref		0.37	0.88
	12–21%	0.98	0.36–2.71
	22–29%	4.15	0.74–23.44
	30–36%	1.00	0.36–2.83
	37–64%	0.85	0.28–2.64
Education status	Primary	Ref		0.38	0.97
	Secondary	1.44	0.81–2.55
	Tertiary	1.1	0.63–1.91
Occupation group	Not working or retired	Ref		0.95	0.65
	Student or Child or Apprentice	1.13	0.57–2.23
	Housewife	0.89	0.42–1.88
	Farmer	1.21	0.58–2.54
	Casual labourer	1.26	0.16–10.02
	Transporter	0.91	0.30–2.72
	Religious or Traditional^a	1.45	0.51–4.10
	Artisan	1.15	0.47–2.78
	Business or Professional^a	1.10	0.55–2.18
	Health Worker	1.47	0.61–3.55
Symptom severity	Mild	Ref		0.90	0.61
Symptom severity	Severe	1.03	0.65–1.63
Exposure to rodents	No	Ref		0.69	0.82
Exposure to rodents	Yes	1.23	0.45–3.34
Exposure to confirmed case	No	Ref		0.77	0.93
Exposure to confirmed case	Yes	0.94	0.64–1.38
History of Travel	No	Ref		0.76	0.26
History of Travel	Yes	1.04	0.81–1.34
Attended a funeral	No	Ref		0.79	0.35
Attended a funeral	Yes	0.65	0.09–4.68
Participated in a funeral (touched body)	No	Ref		0.92	0.64
Participated in a funeral (touched body)	Yes	1.05	0.38–2.90

^a Business or professional: A business person here refers to one who earns profit by supplying goods and services while a professional refers to someone with specified qualifications or expertise who gets paid for rendering services. Religious or Traditional: Traditional healers use indigenous plants, herbs and the root of plants to heal sick people while religious healer use prayers predominantly to heal sick people

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ISSN: 1471-2334

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