Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcomes
Characteristics | Unmatched Patients (N = 1274) | Propensity-score-Matched Patients (N = 1067) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No HCQ (n = 1177) | HCQ (n = 97) | P-value | No HCQ (n = 970) | HCQ (n = 97) | P-value | |
Age – median (IQR) | 54 (40,64) | 57 (44,65) | 0.092 | 54 (40,65) | 57 (44,65) | 0.055 |
Gender, n(%) | ||||||
 Female | 583 (49.5) | 56 (57.7) | 0.148 | 531 (54.7) | 56 (57.7) | 0.647 |
 Male | 594 (50.5) | 41 (42.3) | 439 (45.3) | 41 (42.3) | ||
Race/Ethnicity, n(%) | ||||||
 African American | 89 (7.6) | 6 (6.2) | 0.302 | 80 (8.2) | 6 (6.2) | 0.238 |
 Asian | 41 (3.5) | 1 (1.0) | 38 (3.9) | 1 (1.0) | ||
 Caucasian | 602 (51.1) | 57 (58.8) | 497 (51.2) | 57 (58.8) | ||
 Hispanic | 183 (15.5) | 15 (15.5) | 160 (16.5) | 15 (15.5) | ||
 Other | 145 (12.3) | 6 (6.2) | 111 (11.4) | 6 (6.2) | ||
 Missing | 117 (9.9) | 12 (12.4) | 84 (8.7) | 12 (12.4) | ||
Nursing Home/Rehab resident, n(%) | ||||||
 Yes | 98 (8.3) | 10 (10.3) | 0.715 | 92 (9.5) | 10 (10.3) | 0.888 |
 No | 989 (84.0) | 81 (83.5) | 827 (85.3) | 81 (83.5) | ||
 Missing | 90 (7.6) | 6 (6.2) | 51 (5.3) | 6 (6.2) | ||
Academic vs Community | ||||||
 Community | 935 (79.4) | 77 (79.4) | > 0.999 | 768 (79.2) | 77 (79.4) | > 0.999 |
 Academic | 242 (20.6) | 20 (20.6) | 202 (20.8) | 20 (20.6) | ||
Former or Current Smoker | ||||||
 Yes | 246 (20.9) | 24 (24.7) | 0.223 | 206 (21.2) | 24 (24.7) | 0.672 |
 No | 779 (66.2) | 66 (68.0) | 679 (70.0) | 66 (68.0) | ||
 Missing | 152 (12.9) | 7 (7.2) | 85 (8.8) | 7 (7.2) | ||
Comorbidities, n(%) | ||||||
 Comorbidity Counta | ||||||
  0 | 524 (44.5) | 27 (27.8) | 0.005 | 364 (37.5) | 27 (27.8) | 0.157 |
  1 | 291 (24.7) | 25 (25.8) | 258 (26.6) | 25 (25.8) | ||
  2 | 197 (16.7) | 23 (23.7) | 191 (19.7) | 23 (23.7) | ||
  ≥ 3 | 165 (14.0) | 22 (22.7) | 157 (16.2) | 22 (22.7) | ||
 Diabetes, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 178 (15.1) | 17 (17.5) | 0.077 | 167 (17.2) | 17 (17.5) | 0.951 |
  No | 830 (70.5) | 74 (76.3) | 750 (77.3) | 74 (76.3) | ||
  Missing | 169 (14.4) | 6 (6.2) | 53 (5.5) | 6 (6.2) | ||
 COPD/asthma, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 141 (12.0) | 16 (16.5) | 0.040 | 135 (13.9) | 16 (16.5) | 0.777 |
  No | 861 (73.2) | 75 (77.3) | 777 (80.1) | 75 (77.3) | ||
  Missing | 175 (14.9) | 6 (6.2) | 58 (6.0) | 6 (6.2) | ||
 Hypertension, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 399 (33.9) | 42 (43.3) | 0.013 | 385 (39.7) | 42 (43.3) | 0.777 |
  No | 615 (52.3) | 51 (52.6) | 541 (55.8) | 51 (52.6) | ||
  Missing | 163 (13.8) | 4 (4.1) | 44 (4.5) | 4 (4.1) | ||
 Coronary Disease, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 80 (6.8) | 9 (9.3) | 0.035 | 75 (7.7) | 9 (9.3) | 0.865 |
  No | 913 (77.6) | 82 (84.5) | 834 (86.0) | 82 (84.5) | ||
  Missing | 184 (15.6) | 6 (6.2) | 61 (6.3) | 6 (6.2) | ||
 Stroke, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 24 (2.0) | 4 (4.1) | 0.014 | 23 (2.4) | 4 (4.1) | 0.480 |
  No | 974 (82.8) | 87 (89.7) | 889 (91.6) | 87 (89.7) | ||
  Missing | 179 (15.2) | 6 (6.2) | 58 (6.0) | 6 (6.2) | ||
 Heart Failure, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 37 (3.1) | 4 (4.1) | 0.056 | 36 (3.7) | 4 (4.1) | 0.821 |
  No | 958 (81.4) | 86 (88.7) | 874 (90.1) | 86 (88.7) | ||
  Missing | 182 (15.5) | 7 (7.2) | 60 (6.2) | 7 (7.2) | ||
 Arrhythmia, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 41 (3.5) | 4 (4.1) | 0.044 | 39 (4.0) | 4 (4.1) | > 0.999 |
  No | 953 (81.0) | 87 (89.7) | 870 (89.7) | 87 (89.7) | ||
  Missing | 183 (15.5) | 6 (6.2) | 61 (6.3) | 6 (6.2) | ||
 Cancer, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 87 (7.4) | 20 (20.6) | < 0.001 | 80 (8.2) | 20 (20.6) | < 0.001 |
  No | 914 (77.7) | 72 (74.2) | 833 (85.9) | 72 (74.2) | ||
  Missing | 176 (15.0) | 5 (5.2) | 57 (5.9) | 5 (5.2) | ||
 Renal Failure, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 26 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 0.010 | 24 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 0.350 |
  No | 969 (82.3) | 91 (93.8) | 884 (91.1) | 91 (93.8) | ||
  Missing | 182 (15.5) | 6 (6.2) | 62 (6.4) | 6 (6.2) | ||
 Rheumatologic Disorder, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 23 (2.0) | 4 (4.1) | 0.020 | 22(2.3) | 4(4.1) | 0.426 |
  No | 967 (82.2) | 86 (88.7) | 883 (91.0) | 86 (88.7) | ||
  Missing | 187 (15.9) | 7 (7.2) | 65 (6.7) | 7 (7.2) | ||
 Obesity (BMI > 30), n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 249 (21.2) | 23 (23.7) | 0.652 | 223 (23.0) | 23 (23.7) | 0.603 |
  No | 262 (22.3) | 18 (18.6) | 223 (23.0) | 18 (18.6) | ||
  Missing | 666 (56.6) | 56 (57.7) | 524 (54.0) | 56 (57.7) | ||
Presenting Symptoms, n (%) | ||||||
 Fever, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 606 (51.5) | 58 (59.8) | 0.142 | 536 (55.3) | 58 (59.8) | 0.453 |
  No | 571 (48.5) | 39 (40.2) | 434 (44.7) | 39 (40.2) | ||
 Cough, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 642 (54.5) | 54 (55.7) | 0.914 | 531 (54.7) | 54 (55.7) | 0.946 |
  No | 535 (45.5) | 43 (44.3) | 439 (45.3) | 43 (44.3) | ||
 Shortness of Breath, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 392 (33.3) | 35 (36.1) | 0.656 | 345 (35.6) | 35 (36.1) | > 0.999 |
  No | 785 (66.7) | 62 (63.9) | 625 (64.4) | 62 (63.9) | ||
 GI, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 172 (14.6) | 12 (12.4) | 0.650 | 141 (14.5) | 12 (12.4) | 0.669 |
  No | 1005 (85.4) | 85 (87.6) | 829 (85.5) | 85 (87.6) | ||
 Altered Mental State, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 38 (3.2) | 3 (3.1) | > 0.999 | 36 (3.7) | 3 (3.1) | > 0.999 |
  No | 1139 (96.8) | 94 (96.9) | 934 (96.3) | 94 (96.9) | ||
 Lack of taste or smell, n(%) | ||||||
  Yes | 65 (5.5) | 6 (6.2) | 0.965 | 56 (5.8) | 6 (6.2) | > 0.999 |
  No | 1112 (94.5) | 91 (93.8) | 914 (94.2) | 91 (93.8) | ||
Disease severity, n(%) | ||||||
 Oxygenation < 94 | ||||||
  Yes | 135 (11.5) | 11 (11.3) | 0.620 | 125 (12.9) | 11 (11.3) | 0.396 |
  No | 407 (34.6) | 29 (29.9) | 345 (35.6) | 29 (29.9) | ||
  Missing | 635 (54.0) | 57 (58.8) | 500 (51.5) | 57 (58.8) | ||
 qSOFA Score | ||||||
  0 | 416 (35.3) | 31 (32.0) | 0.575 | 343 (35.4) | 31 (32.0) | 0.577 |
  ≥ 1 | 761 (64.7) | 66 (68.0) | 627 (64.6) | 66 (68.0) | ||
Initial laboratory test | ||||||
 Ferritin (IQR) | 719.35 (298.18,1347.53) | 537.37 (316.05,1240,87) | 0.22 | 719.35 (291.78,1347.18) | 537.37 (316.05,1240,87) | 0.216 |
 CRP (IQR) | 7.79 (3.92,15.04) | 16.64 (4.40,23.13) | 0.340 | 9.51 (4.48,15.59) | 16.64 (4.40,23.13) | 0.241 |
 IL-6 (IQR) | 14 (5,36) | 10 (6,10) | 0.361 | 15 (5,39) | 10 (6,10) | 0.360 |
 D-dimer (IQR) | 0.98 (0.56,1.82) | 0.93 (0.53,1.54) | > 0.999 | 1.01 (0.55,1.86) | 0.93 (0.53,1.54) | > 0.999 |
 Neutrophil (IQR) | 4.5 (3.2,7.3) | 3.8 (2.6,6.1) | 0.473 | 4.6 (3.3,7.4) | 3.8 (2.6,6.1) | 0.366 |
 Lymphocyte (IQR) | 0.99 (0.68,1.40) | 0.83 (0.7,1.1) | 0.369 | 0.96 (0.66,1.40) | 0.83 (0.7,1.1) | 0.366 |
 Neutrophil / Lymphocyte | ||||||
  < 4.85 | 188 (16.0) | 19 (19.6) | 0.505 | 161 (16.6) | 19 (19.6) |  |
  ≥ 4.85 | 159 (13.5) | 15 (15.5) | 146 (15.1) | 15 (15.5) | 0.731 | |
  Missing | 830 (70.5) | 63 (64.9) | 663 (68.4) | 63 (64.9) |  | |
Time | ||||||
 Follow-up time | 38 (6,46) | 42 (31,46) | 0.091 | 38 (6,46) | 42 (31,46) | 0.070 |
 # of days prior to diagnosis | 5 (3,7) | 5 (2,8) | 0.609 | 5 (3,7) | 5 (2,8) | 0.604 |
Outcomes, n(%) | ||||||
 Hospitalization | ||||||
  Yes | 350 (29.7) | 21 (21.6) | 0.117 | 305 (31.4) | 21 (21.6) | 0.060 |
  No | 827 (70.3) | 76 (78.4) | 665 (68.6) | 76 (78.4) | ||
 ICU admission | ||||||
  Yes | 46 (4.0) | 3 (3.1) | > 0.999 | 42 (4.3) | 3 (3.1) | 0.791 |
  No | 1130 (96.0) | 94 (96.9) | 928 (95.7) | 94 (96.9) | ||
 Death | ||||||
  Yes | 47 (4) | 2 (2.1) | 0.578 | 44 (4.5) | 2 (2.1) | 0.427 |
  No | 1129 (96) | 95 (97.9) | 926 (95.5) | 95 (97.9) | ||
AE, n(%) | ||||||
 QT prolongationb | ||||||
  Yes | 3 (0.3) | 2 (2.1) | 0.049 | 3 (0.3) | 2 (2.1) | 0.068 |
  No | 1174 (99.7) | 95 (97.9) | 967 (99.7) | 95 (97.9) | ||
 Arrhythmia eventc | ||||||
  Yes | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.01) | > 0.999 | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | > 0.999 |
  No | 1176 (99.9) | 97 (100.0) | 969 (99.9) | 97 (100.0) | ||