Hydroxychloroquine may reduce risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia in lupus patients: a Nationwide, population-based case-control study

Table 3 Subgroup analyses for the correlation between hydroxychloroquine and risk of pneumocystis pneumonia using multivariable conditional logistic regression models

Groups	None	Hydroxychloroquine 3-month cumulative dose
		≤14 g^a		> 14 g^a
		OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age						0.052
Age ≤ 40 years	Ref.	0.89 (0.26–3.07)	0.85	0.10 (0.02–0.54)	0.01
Age > 40 years	Ref.	0.24 (0.04–1.31)	0.10	0.60 (0.15–2.49)	0.49
Gender						0.42
Female	Ref.	0.74 (0.27–2.07)	0.57	0.26 (0.08–0.80)	0.02
Male	Ref.	0.13 (0.01–1.94)	0.14	0.55 (0.02–16.59)	0.73
Moderate to severe renal disease						0.41
No	Ref.	0.35 (0.11–1.12)	0.08	0.22 (0.07–0.73)	0.01
Yes	Ref.	0.71 (0.05–11.11)	0.80	0.03 (< 0.001–1.19)	0.06
Glucocorticoids^b						0.31
≤10 mg/day	Ref.	0.25 (0.05–1.38)	0.11	0.50 (0.10–2.41)	0.39
> 10 mg/day	Ref.	0.95 (0.27–3.35)	0.94	0.17 (0.04–0.68)	0.01
Immunosuppressants^c						0.83
No	Ref.	< 0.001 (< 0.001–> 999)	0.94	0.09 (0.00–1.67)	0.11
Yes	Ref.	1.09 (0.37–3.19)	0.88	0.39 (0.13–1.20)	0.10

Covariates in the conditional logistric regression models included Charlson comorbidity index without moderate to renal disease, moderate to severe renal disease, methotrexate/leflunomide, sulfasalazine, immunosuppressants and trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole excluding the covariate that was used to stratify subjects. ^aMedian cumulative dose. ^bPrednisolone equivalent. ^cImmunosuppressants include cyclosporine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid

ISSN: 1471-2334