Table 1 Summary table of non-modifiable risk factors, by 28-day survival status
Risk factor | Survived (n = 1328) | Died (n = 348) | Overall (n = 1676) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Patient measures | |||||||
Age | Median (IQR) | 67.0 | (51.0, 79.0) | 74.0 | (62.0, 83.5) | 68.5 | (53.0, 80.0) |
Male | 728/1328 | 54.8% | 191/348 | 54.9% | 919/1676 | 54.8% | |
Body mass index a | Mean (SD) | 26.1 | (6.7) | 25.3 | (5.9) | 26.0 | (6.6) |
Patient medical history | |||||||
Chemotherapy in month before date 0 | 201/1328 | 15.1% | 57/348 | 16.4% | 258/1676 | 15.4% | |
Any tumour within last 5 years | 419/1328 | 31.6% | 156/348 | 44.8% | 575/1676 | 34.3% | |
Surgery (overnight stay) ≤7 days before date 0 | 118/1327 | 8.9% | 34/348 | 9.8% | 152/1675 | 9.1% | |
Burn requiring admission ≤7 days before date 0 | 3/1326 | 0.2% | 1/347 | 0.3% | 4/1673 | 0.2% | |
Cardiac arrest ≤7 days before date 0 | 5/1328 | 0.4% | 5/348 | 1.4% | 10/1676 | 0.6% | |
Renal support ≤7 days before date 0 | 81/1328 | 6.1% | 44/348 | 12.6% | 125/1676 | 7.5% | |
Myocardial infarction ≤7 days before date 0 | 128/1328 | 9.6% | 44/348 | 12.6% | 172/1676 | 10.3% | |
Infection severity measures | |||||||
Mental Disorientation: | |||||||
None | 1113/1327 | 83.9% | 257/348 | 73.9% | 1370/1675 | 81.8% | |
Grade I | 66/1327 | 5.0% | 20/348 | 5.7% | 86/1675 | 5.1% | |
Grade II | 86/1327 | 6.5% | 42/348 | 12.1% | 128/1675 | 7.6% | |
Grade III | 54/1327 | 4.1% | 20/348 | 5.7% | 74/1675 | 4.4% | |
Grade IV | 8/1327 | 0.6% | 9/348 | 2.6% | 17/1675 | 1.0% | |
Temperature (°C) at time 0 b | Mean (SD) | 38.2 | (1.0) | 37.7 | (1.2) | 38.1 | (1.1) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) c | Median (IQR) | 65.0 | (37.0, 90.0) | 52.5 | (26.5, 84.0) | 62.0 | (35.0, 90.0) |
Serum albumin (g/L) d | Mean (SD) | 32.6 | (7.5) | 27.2 | (7.9) | 31.5 | (7.9) |
Bilirubin total (micromol /L) e | Median (IQR) | 12.0 | (7.0, 20.5) | 13.0 | (8.0, 23.0) | 12.0 | (8.0, 21.0) |
Neutrophil count at day 0 or closest (× 109/L) f | Median (IQR) | 9.3 | (5.4, 13.8) | 10.2 | (4.8, 15.3) | 9.5 | (5.3, 14.1) |
Systolic BP at day 0 or closest (mmHg) g | Mean (SD) | 122.9 | (26.2) | 117.9 | (28.7) | 121.9 | (26.8) |
On intravenous fluids at day 0 | 450/1324 | 34.0% | 165/348 | 47.4% | 615/1672 | 36.8% | |
On ventilation at day 0 | 90/1323 | 6.8% | 66/348 | 19.0% | 156/1671 | 9.3% | |
On vasopressor drugs at day 0 | 60/1327 | 4.5% | 48/348 | 13.8% | 108/1675 | 6.4% | |
Systemic corticosteroids in last 24 h | 149/1324 | 11.3% | 81/347 | 23.3% | 230/1671 | 13.8% | |
Early warning score nearest to day 0 | |||||||
≤ 3 | 468/687 | 68.1% | 99/173 | 57.2% | 567/860 | 65.9% | |
> 3 | 219/687 | 31.9% | 74/173 | 42.8% | 293/860 | 34.1% | |
Patient comorbidities at date 0 | |||||||
Congestive heart failure | 151/1328 | 11.4% | 61/348 | 17.5% | 212/1676 | 12.6% | |
Peripheral vascular disease | 103/1328 | 7.8% | 43/348 | 12.4% | 146/1676 | 8.7% | |
Cerebrovascular disease | 198/1328 | 14.9% | 74/348 | 21.3% | 272/1676 | 16.2% | |
Hemiplegia | 50/1328 | 3.8% | 18/348 | 5.2% | 68/1676 | 4.1% | |
Dementia | 99/1327 | 7.5% | 39/348 | 11.2% | 138/1675 | 8.2% | |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 160/1327 | 12.1% | 57/348 | 16.4% | 217/1675 | 13.0% | |
Connective tissue disease | 117/1328 | 8.8% | 30/348 | 8.6% | 147/1676 | 8.8% | |
Peptic ulcer disease | 86/1328 | 6.5% | 31/348 | 8.9% | 117/1676 | 7.0% | |
Ascites | 48/1328 | 3.6% | 32/348 | 9.2% | 80/1676 | 4.8% | |
Diabetes | 276/1328 | 20.8% | 81/348 | 23.3% | 357/1676 | 21.3% | |
Modified Child-Pugh score h | Median (IQR) | 6.0 | (6.0, 7.0) | 7.0 | (6.0, 8.0) | 7.0 | (6.0, 8.0) |
Modified Charlson score i | Median (IQR) | 3.0 | (2.0, 4.0) | 4.0 | (2.0, 5.0) | 3.0 | (2.0, 4.0) |
Infected foreign body at time 0 | 16/1327 | 1.2% | 3/347 | 0.9% | 19/1674 | 1.1% | |
Source of infection (CDC criteria) | |||||||
Bone and joint | 59/1327 | 4.4% | 6/348 | 1.7% | 65/1675 | 3.9% | |
Cardiovascular system | 25/1327 | 1.9% | 5/348 | 1.4% | 30/1675 | 1.8% | |
Central nervous system | 9/1327 | 0.7% | 0/348 | 0.0% | 9/1675 | 0.5% | |
Eye, ear, nose, throat or mouth | 3/1327 | 0.2% | 1/348 | 0.3% | 4/1675 | 0.2% | |
Gastrointestinal system | 134/1327 | 10.1% | 16/348 | 4.6% | 150/1675 | 9.0% | |
Line infection – central venous line | 123/1327 | 9.3% | 15/348 | 4.3% | 138/1675 | 8.2% | |
Line infection – peripheral venous line | 20/1327 | 1.5% | 7/348 | 2.0% | 27/1675 | 1.6% | |
Lower respiratory tract | 61/1327 | 4.6% | 57/348 | 16.4% | 118/1675 | 7.0% | |
Reproductive tract | 9/1327 | 0.7% | 2/348 | 0.6% | 11/1675 | 0.7% | |
Skin and soft tissue | 98/1327 | 7.4% | 20/348 | 5.7% | 118/1675 | 7.0% | |
Surgical site infection | 37/1327 | 2.8% | 4/348 | 1.1% | 41/1675 | 2.4% | |
Urinary tract infection | 386/1327 | 29.1% | 61/348 | 17.5% | 447/1675 | 26.7% | |
Site uncertain | 363/1327 | 27.4% | 15,446/348 | 44.3% | 517/1675 | 30.0% | |
Organisational factors | |||||||
Admission from nursing home | 97/1327 | 7.3% | 40/348 | 11.5% | 137/1675 | 8.2% | |
Length of prior hospital stay (days) | Median (IQR) | 1.0 | (0.0, 10.0) | 5.0 | (0.0, 14.0) | 1.0 | (0.0, 11.0) |
Hospital or community acquired infection | |||||||
Hospital | 548/1328 | 41.3% | 201/348 | 57.8% | 749/1676 | 44.7% | |
Community | 780/1328 | 58.7% | 147/348 | 42.2% | 927/1676 | 55.3% | |
Speciality of consultant on day 0: | |||||||
Medicine | 559/1217 | 45.9% | 171/333 | 51.4% | 730/1550 | 47.1% | |
High dependency medicine | 202/1217 | 16.6% | 80/333 | 24.0% | 282/1550 | 18.2% | |
Major surgery | 355/1217 | 29.2% | 60/333 | 18.0% | 415/1550 | 26.8% | |
Minor surgery | 9/1217 | 0.7% | 3/333 | 0.9% | 12/1550 | 0.8% | |
Other | 92/1217 | 7.6% | 19/333 | 5.7% | 111/1550 | 7.2% | |