Fig. 1

Cytokine profiles of innate and adaptive immune responses from naïve CHB patients. a Expression of cytokines IFN-γ⁺, TNF-α⁺ and IL-2⁺ by CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells derived from the indicated patient groups was measured. The levels were compared among patients in the IT, IA, GZ and IC phases, and those of healthy controls. b Expression levels of cytokines in IFN-γ⁺, TNF-α⁺ NK and NKT cells derived from the indicated patient groups were measured. The levels were compared among patients in the IT, IA, GZ and IC phases, and healthy controls. Differences between two patient groups were evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test. Data are presented as the median indicated by a red line. *P <  0.05, **P <  0.01, ***P <  0.001