Table 2 Risk factors of in-hospital outcome in patients with infective endocarditis (univariate analysis)

Age,mean ± SD

48 ± 16

53 ± 16

.047

Man

237 (65.1)

25 (58.1)

.367

Underlying heart disease

194 (53.3)

27 (62.8)

.237

Rheumatic heart disease

62 (17.0)

7 (16.3)

.901

Congenital heart disease

95 (26.1)

10 (23.3)

.687

Previous cardiac surgery

33 (9.1)

11 (25.6)

.001

Degenerative heart disease

13 (3.6)

0

.377

Others

18 (4.9)

4 (9.3)

.273

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary  disease

5 (1.4)

1 (2.3)

.491

 Cancer

11 (3.0)

1 (2.3)

>.05

 Hemodialysis

9 (2.5)

5 (11.6)

.002

 Hepatitis B virus infection

16 (4.4)

2 (4.7)

>.05

 Liver cirrhosis

4 (1.1)

0

>.05

 Hypertension

68 (18.7)

14 (32.6)

.032

 Diabetes mellitus

32 (8.8)

5 (11.6)

.541

 Heart failure

179 (49.2)

36 (83.7)

<.001

 Intracranial infection

15 (4.1)

2 (4.7)

.698

 Cerebral embolism

55 (15.1)

19 (44.2)

<.001

 Cerebral hemorrhage

16 (4.4)

7 (16.3)

.001

 Arrhythmia

65 (17.9)

15 (34.9)

.008

 Hepatic insufficiency

57 (15.7)

15 (34.9)

.002

 Renal insufficiency

60 (16.5)

21 (48.8)

<.001

 Pulmonary hypertension

92 (25.6)

24 (57.1)

<.001

 Valvular perforation

64 (17.7)

8 (18.6)

.881

 Perivalvular abscess

26 (7.2)

4 (9.3)

.544

Vegetation length

<.001

 ≤10 mm

87 (23.9)

3 (7.0)

 >10 mm<20 mm

177 (48.6)

20 (46.5)

 ≥20 mm ≤ 30 mm

46 (12.6)

5 (11.6)

 >30 mm

4 (1.1)

8 (18.6)

<.001

Vegetation extent

142 (39.0)

16 (37.2)

.819

IE type

.004

 Native valve IE

337 (92.6)

33 (76.7)

 Prosthetic valve IE or cardiac device–related IE

27 (7.4)

10 (23.3)

.001

 Previous antibiotic use

291 (82.4)

30 (75.0)

.249

Causative organism

.049

 Streptococci

95 (26.1)

5 (11.6)

 Staphylococci

69 (19.0)

11 (25.6)

Staphylococcus aureus

32 (8.8)

8 (18.6)

<.001

Pitt score

<.001

 <4

359 (98.6)

23 (53.5)

 ≥4

5 (1.4)

20 (46.5)

Surgical treatment

221 (60.7)

14 (32.6)

<.001