Table 4 Associations between household factors and H. pylori infection status in school children in Ziway, central Ethiopia
Positive | H. pylori | Negative | H. pylori | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | COR | (95% CI) | P | AOR | (95% CI) | P | AORa | (95% CI) | P | |
Maternal education | |||||||||||||
Formal | 162 | 64.0 | 91 | 36.0 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
Non-formal | 123 | 68.0 | 58 | 32.0 | 1.19 | (0.80–1.79) | 0.40 | 0.39 | (0.03–5.05) | 0.47 | – | – | – |
Maternal occupation | |||||||||||||
Housewife | 136 | 69.0 | 61 | 31.0 | 1.32 | (0.88–1.97) | 0.18 | 1.24 | (0.81–1.91) | 0.32 | 1.27 | (0.84–1.94) | 0.26 |
Employed | 149 | 62.9 | 88 | 37.1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Socioeconomic statusb | |||||||||||||
Good | 155 | 63.3 | 90 | 36.7 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Poor | 130 | 68.8 | 59 | 31.2 | 1.29 | (0.86–1.91) | 0.23 | 3.85 | (0.29–50.8) | 0.31 | 1.33 | (0.86–2.06) | 0.21 |
Lack of paracetamolc | |||||||||||||
Yes | 19 | 67.9 | 9 | 32.1 | 1.11 | (0.49–2.52) | 0.80 | 1.05 | (0.42–2.59) | 0.92 | – | – | – |
No | 266 | 65.5 | 140 | 34.5 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
Residence location | |||||||||||||
Rural | 8 | 50.0 | 8 | 50.0 | 0.51 | (0.19–1.39) | 0.19 | 0.40 | (0.12–1.33) | 0.14 | 0.39 | (0.12–1.25) | 0.11 |
Urban | 277 | 66.3 | 141 | 33.7 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Number of people in house | |||||||||||||
2–5 | 182 | 64.5 | 100 | 35.5 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
> 5 | 103 | 67.8 | 49 | 32.2 | 1.16 | (0.76–1.76) | 0.50 | 1.19 | (0.75–1.90) | 0.45 | – | – | – |
Smokers in house | |||||||||||||
Yes | 7 | 38.9 | 11 | 61.1 | 0.32 | (0.12–0.84) | 0.02 | 0.35 | (0.12–0.99) | 0.05 | 0.32 | (0.11–0.89) | 0.03 |
No | 276 | 66.7 | 138 | 33.3 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Housing materialsd | |||||||||||||
Good | 240 | 65.0 | 129 | 35.0 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
Poor | 45 | 69.2 | 20 | 30.8 | 1.21 | (0.69–2.14) | 0.51 | 1.37 | (0.73–2.59) | 0.33 | – | – | – |
Housing conditionse | |||||||||||||
Good | 251 | 65.4 | 133 | 34.6 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | |||
Poor | 34 | 68 | 16 | 32 | 1.13 | (0.60–2.12) | 0.71 | 0.98 | (0.49–1.94) | 0.95 | – | – | – |
Cooking location | – | – | – | ||||||||||
Inside house | 222 | 66.9 | 110 | 33.1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | |||
Outside house | 62 | 61.4 | 39 | 38.6 | 0.79 | (0.50–1.25) | 0.31 | 0.69 | (0.40–1.19) | 0.18 | – | – | – |
Cooking with natural materialsf | – | – | – | ||||||||||
Yes | 204 | 63.7 | 116 | 36.3 | 0.72 | (0.45–1.14) | 0.16 | 0.65 | (0.34–1.24) | 0.19 | 0.65 | (0.39–1.09) | 0.10 |
No | 81 | 71.1 | 33 | 28.9 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Gas or electric cooking | |||||||||||||
Yes | 62 | 68.1 | 29 | 31.9 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
No | 223 | 65.0 | 120 | 35.0 | 0.87 | (0.53–1.42) | 0.58 | 0.90 | (0.45–1.80) | 0.77 | – | – | – |
Any electricity use in household | |||||||||||||
Yes | 268 | 65.0 | 114 | 35.0 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
No | 17 | 77.3 | 5 | 22.7 | 1.87 | (0.66–5.05) | 0.25 | 1.94 | (0.47–7.98) | 0.36 | 2.53 | (0.76–8.51) | 0.13 |
Cat or dog ownership | |||||||||||||
Yes | 125 | 67.6 | 60 | 32.4 | 1.16 | (0.78–1.73) | 0.47 | 2.15 | (0.98–4.72) | 0.06 | – | – | – |
No | 160 | 64.3 | 89 | 35.7 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
Farm animal ownershipg | |||||||||||||
Yes | 105 | 70.0 | 45 | 30.0 | 1.35 | (0.88–2.06) | 0.17 | 2.03 | (0.72–5.70) | 0.18 | 1.16 | (0.51–2.68) | 0.72 |
No | 180 | 63.4 | 104 | 36.6 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Any animal ownership | |||||||||||||
Yes | 183 | 66.5 | 92 | 33.5 | 1.11 | (0.74–1.67) | 0.61 | 0.45 | (0.17–1.15) | 0.09 | – | – | – |
No | 102 | 64.2 | 57 | 35.8 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
Main water source | |||||||||||||
Piped | 276 | 65.9 | 143 | 34.1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
Well/natural water source | 9 | 60.0 | 6 | 40.0 | 0.78 | (0.27–2.23) | 0.64 | 0.65 | (0.17–2.59) | 0.55 | – | – | – |
Type of toilet | |||||||||||||
Flush or ventilated pit | 8 | 36.4 | 14 | 63.6 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Traditional pit or none | 275 | 67.2 | 134 | 32.8 | 3.59 | (1.47–8.77) | 0.01 | 3.78 | (1.40–10.3) | 0.01 | 3.93 | (1.51–10.3) | 0.01 |
Waste disposal | |||||||||||||
pit/field/other | 54 | 57.4 | 40 | 42.6 | 0.64 | (0.40–1.02) | 0.06 | 0.61 | (0.36–1.04) | 0.07 | 0.61 | (0.37–1.02) | 0.06 |
burning/garbage bin | 231 | 67.9 | 109 | 32.1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Sanitationh | |||||||||||||
Good | 181 | 62.8 | 107 | 37.2 | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – |
Poor | 104 | 71.2 | 42 | 28.8 | 1.46 | (0.95–2.25) | 0.08 | 1.10 | (0.46–2.60) | 0.83 | 1.15 | (0.50–2.62) | 0.75 |