Anemia risk factors among people living with HIV across the United States in the current treatment era: a clinical cohort study

Table 3 Factors associated with developing chronic anemia in analyses among those without anemia at baseline; n = 12,249

Participant characteristics	Hazard ratio	95% CI
Age per 10 years	1.18	1.04, 1.34
Female (ref male)	3.25	2.48, 4.27
Race/ethnicity (ref white)
Black	1.96	1.43, 2.68
Hispanic	1.29	0.82, 2.04
Other/missing	1.12	0.54, 2.33
Hepatitis C virus coinfection	1.76	1.32, 2.36
CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) (ref ≥500)
350–499	1.10	0.77, 1.56
200–349	1.93	1.40, 2.67
100–199	1.83	1.17, 2.88
< 100	4.11	2.67, 6.33
Viral load ≥400 copies/ml	1.86	1.48, 2.34
Kidney function (eGFR) (ref > 60)
30–60	1.31	0.72, 2.37
< 30	5.40	2.35, 12.42
ART use	0.99	0.73, 1.35
BMI (ref 18.5- < 25)
< 18.5	0.75	0.31, 1.85
25.0 to < 30.0	0.85	0.64, 1.14
≥ 30.0	0.82	0.59, 1.15
Self-reported smoking (ref never)
Former	0.82	0.57, 1.16
Current	0.93	0.70, 1.24
Hazardous alcohol use^a	0.86	0.66, 1.12
Illicit drug use^b	0.87	0.64, 1.18

^a Hazardous alcohol use defined a score of ≥4 for women or ≥ 5 for men on the AUDIT-C scale
^b Use of cocaine/crack, methamphetamines/crystal, and/or illicit opioids
Abbreviations: ART antiretroviral therapy, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate

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