Fig. 3

Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for estimates of tick-borne disease risk associated with variables at the scale of the (a) yard; (b) neighborhood; (c) outside the neighborhood; and (d) overall effects. Self-protective behaviors such as use of repellent were assigned to spatial scale based on descriptions in the original articles of where individuals performed these activities (e.g. “before working or playing in yard: apply insect repellents” [21]). Case (n/N) refers to the number of individuals with a risk factor (n) out of the total number with a tick-borne disease (N); control (n/N) refers to the number with a risk factor out of the total without a tick-borne disease. NA typically indicates that the odds ratio was used rather than the count. The pooled estimates included fixed effects of publication year and random effects of study. The overall effect is from a model that included only the random effects. Filled squares indicates estimates from a single study; open diamonds are overall effects. Asterisks denote estimates for which the 95% confidence interval around the odds ratio excluded one