Fig. 1

Flowchart of patient testing for febrile illness. A total of 954 patients in the outpatient department at IGH, Rourkela, with reported fever up to 48 h prior to enrollment or on day of enrollment (body temperature ≥ 37.5 °C), were enrolled. All study participants were tested for Plasmodium by RDT and microscopy, and a subset of patients was tested by PCR. Patients from whom a larger volume of blood was available were tested for dengue, chikungunya and scrub typhus by RDT and ELISA