Table 4 Factors associated to lymphedema and hydrocele according to severity of disease
Characteristics | Low severity (N = 36) | High severity (N = 16) | OR (95%CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
 Male | 25 (48.08%) | 11 (21.15%) | 1 |  |
 Female | 11 (25.15%) | 5 (9.62%) | 1.03 (0.23–4.27) | 1 |
LGA | ||||
 Aguata | 18 (34. 62%) | 12 (23.08%) | 1 |  |
 Njikoka | 18 (34.62%) | 4 (7.69%) | 1.55 (0.40–6.05) | 0.558 |
Age | ||||
 21–30 | 3 (5.77%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 |  |
 31–40 | 4 (7.69%) | 4 (7.69%) | Inf (0.24 – Inf) | 0.236 |
 41–50 | 9 (17.31%) | 5 (9.62%) | Inf (0.17 – Inf) | 0.514 |
 51–60 | 8 (15.38%) | 3 (5.77%) | Inf (0.10 – Inf) | 1 |
  > 60 | 12 (23.08%) | 4 (7.69%) | Inf (0.10 – Inf) | 1 |
Marital status | ||||
 Married | 27 (51.92%) | 13 (25.00%) | 1 |  |
 Divorced | 2 (3.85) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00–12.07) | 1 |
 Never married | 7 (13.46%) | 3 (5.77) | 0.89 (0.13–4.76) | 1 |
Occupational level | ||||
 Unskilled | 28 (53.85%) | 16 (30.77%) | 1 |  |
 No work | 5 (9.62%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00–2.19) | 0.158 |
 Skilled | 3 (5.77%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00–4.70) | 0.541 |
Educational level | ||||
 Primary education | 20 (38.46%) | 6 (11.54%) | 1 |  |
 No formal education | 6 (11.54%) | 3 (5.77%) | 1.64 (0.20–11.10) | 0.665 |
 Secondary education | 7 (13.46%) | 6 (11.54%) | 2.77 (0.54–14.77) | 0.164 |
 Tertiary education | 3 (5.77%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1.11 (0.02–17.13) | 1 |
Mobility | ||||
 No problem | 17 (32.69%) | 3 (5.77%) | 1 |  |
 Mild problem | 8 (15.38%) | 5 (9.62%) | 3.40 (0.51–27.64) | 0.213 |
 Moderate problem | 2 (3.85%) | 1 (1.92%) | 2.67 (0.04–69.42) | 0.453 |
 Severe problem | 9 (17.31%) | 7 (13.46%) | 4.22 (0.74–31.62) | 0.073 |
Self-care | ||||
 No problem | 28 (53.85%) | 7 (13.46%) | 1 |  |
 Difficulty in self-care | 3 (5.77%) | 4 (7.69%) | 5.07 (0.69–43.25) | 0.063 |
 Only essential needs are met | 2 (3.85%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1.96 (0.03–42.95) | 0.519 |
 Require someone to help for care | 2 (3.85%) | 4 (7.69%) | 7.48 (0.88–98.74) | 0.035 |
 Unable to take care of self | 1 (1.92%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00–161.18) | 1 |
Usual activity | ||||
 No problem | 31 (59.62%) | 7 (13.46%) | 1 |  |
 Usual activity performed with difficulty | 2 (3.85%) | 7 (13.46%) | 14.30 (2.14–169.67) | 0.001 |
 Only essential activities performed | 3 (5.77%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1.46 (0.02–21.68) | 1 |
 No activity at all | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (1.92%) | Inf (0.10 – Inf) | 0.205 |
Pain and discomfort | ||||
 No pain | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1 |  |
 Mild pain, without self-treatment | 18 (34.62%) | 2 (3.85%) | 0 (0.00–6.50) | 0.143 |
 Mild pain, with self-treatment | 3 (5.77%) | 4 (7.69%) | 0 (0.00–64.94) | 1 |
 Compelled to rest due to pain | 15 (28.85%) | 9 (17.31%) | 0 (0.00–26.00) | 0.4 |
Pain frequency | ||||
 No pain | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1 |  |
 Weekly | 5 (9.62%) | 4 (7.69%) | 0 (0.00–39.00) | 1 |
 Monthly | 19 (36.54%) | 5 (9.62%) | 0 (0.00–12.31) | 0.24 |
 Daily | 10 (19.23%) | 4 (7.69%) | 0 (0.00–19.50) | 0.333 |
 Constant | 2 (3.85%) | 2 (3.85%) | 0 (0.00–58.45) | 1 |
Pain severity | ||||
 No pain | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1 |  |
 Mild | 3 (5.77%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00–13.00) | 0.250 |
 Medium | 16 (30.77%) | 2 (3.85%) | 0 (0.00–7.31) | 0.158 |
 Severe | 17 (32.69%) | 13 (25.00%) | 0 (0.00–32.12) | 0.452 |
Cognition | ||||
 No problem | 36 (69.23%) | 10 (19.23%) | 1 |  |
 Reduced concentration, memory affected | 0 (0.00%) | 4 (7.69%) | Inf (1.96 – Inf) | 0.004 |
 Loss of concentration | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (3.85%) | Inf (0.59 – Inf) | 0.059 |
Anxiety | ||||
 No anxiety | 6 (11.54%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 |  |
 Does not interfere with performance | 9 (17.31%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00 – Inf) | 1 |
 Leads to low performance and irritating tendency | 19 (36.54%) | 3 (5.77%) | Inf (0.11 – Inf) | 1 |
 No performance and total detachment | 2 (3.85%) | 11 (21.15%) | Inf (3.01 – Inf) | 0.001 |
 Suicidal tendency | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (3.85%) | Inf (0.79 – Inf) | 0.036 |
Sleep problems | ||||
 No sleep problem | 19 (36.54%) | 3 (5.77%) | 1 |  |
 Sleep problem rarely | 7 (13.46%) | 2 (3.85%) | 1.77 (0.12–19.24) | 0.612 |
 Sleep problem occasionally | 3 (5.77%) | 5 (9.62%) | 9.46 (1.17–102.33) | 0.016 |
 Sleep problem often | 3 (5.77%) | 3 (5.77%) | 5.79 (0.53–70.71) | 0.091 |
 Cannot sleep most nights | 4 (7.69%) | 3 (5.77%) | 4.44 (0.43–48.01) | 0.132 |
Social participation | ||||
 No problem with social participation | 20 (38.46%) | 6 (11.54%) | 1 |  |
 Avoid social activities as far as possible | 11 (21.15%) | 8 (15.38%) | 2.37 (0.56–10.78) | 0.206 |
 Total avoidance of social activities | 5 (9.62%) | 2 (3.85%) | 1.32 (0.10–11.14) | 1 |
Work hours | ||||
  > 8 h | 13 (25.00%) | 7 (13.46%) | 1 |  |
 5–8 h | 3 (5.77%) | 2 (3.85%) | 1.23 (0.08–13.65) | 1 |
 1–4 h | 10 (19.23%) | 1 (1.92%) | 0.19 (0.003–1.94) | 0.203 |
 No work | 2 (3.85%) | 3 (5.77%) | 2.67 (0.24–39.28) | 0.358 |
 Seasonal work | 2 (3.85%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00–11.69) | 1 |
 Retired | 6 (11.54%) | 3 (5.77%) | 0.93 (0.11–6.23) | 1 |
Treatment expenditure | ||||
  < 40,000 Naira (about US $125) | 8 (15.38%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1 |  |
  > 40,000 Naira (about US $125) | 21 (40.38%) | 14 (26.92%) | 5.17 (0.58–252.92) | 0.134 |
 Unable to quantify | 7 (13.46%) | 1 (1.92%) | 1.13 (0.01–100.69) | 1 |
Bed net/door and window screens | ||||
 No net use | 21 (40.38%) | 9 (17.31%) | 1 |  |
 Screen on doors and windows | 4 (7.69%) | 3 (5.77%) | 1.72 (0.21–12.67) | 0.659 |
 Bed net use | 11 (21.15%) | 4 (7.69%) | 0.85 (0.16–4.00) | 1 |