Table 3 Matched analysis of factors associated with lymphedema and hydrocele in study participants tested using sign tests
Characteristics | Control (N = 52) | Cases (N = 52) | Number positive differences (%) | Number negative differences (%) | Proportion of negative differences (Exact binomial CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marital status |  |  | 0 (0%) | 12 (100%) | 1 (0.74–1.00) |
 Never married | 0 (0%) | 10 (19.23%) |  |  |  |
 Divorced | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.85%) |  |  |  |
 Married | 52 (100%) | 40 (76.92%) |  |  |  |
Occupational level |  |  | 8 (33.33%) | 16 (66.67%) | 0.67 (0.45–0.84) |
 No work | 7 (13.46%) | 5 (9.62%) |  |  |  |
 Unskilled | 31 (59.61%) | 44 (84.61%) |  |  |  |
 Skilled | 14 (26.92%) | 3 (5.77%) |  |  |  |
Educational level |  |  | 9 (24.32%) | 28 (75.68%) | 0.76 (0.59–0.88) |
 No formal education | 1 (1.92%) | 9 (17.31%) |  |  |  |
 Primary education | 18 (34.62%) | 26 (50%) |  |  |  |
 Secondary education | 18 (34.61%) | 13 (25%) |  |  |  |
 Tertiary education | 13 (25%) | 4 (7.69%) |  |  |  |
 Post graduate education | 2 (3.84%) | 0 (0%) |  |  |  |
Mobility |  |  | 32 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0–0.11) |
 No problem | 52 (100%) | 20 (38.46%) |  |  |  |
 Mild problem | 0 (0%) | 13 (25.00%) |  |  |  |
 Moderate problem | 0 (0%) | 3 (5.77%) |  |  |  |
 Severe problem | 0 (0%) | 16 (30.77%) |  |  |  |
Self-care |  |  | 17 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0–0.20) |
 No problem | 52 (100%) | 35 (67%) |  |  |  |
 Difficulty in self-care | 0 (0%) | 7 (13.46%) |  |  |  |
 Only essential needs are met | 0 (0%) | 3 (5.77%) |  |  |  |
 Require someone to help for care | 0 (0%) | 6 (11.54%) |  |  |  |
 Unable to take care of self | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.92%) |  |  |  |
Usual activity |  |  | 14 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0–0.23) |
 No problem | 52 (100%) | 38 (73.08%) |  |  |  |
 Usual activity performed with difficulty | 0 (0%) | 9 (17.31%) |  |  |  |
 Only essential activities performed | 0 (0%) | 4 (7.69%) |  |  |  |
 No activity at all | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.92%) |  |  |  |
Pain and discomfort |  |  | 45 (93.75%) | 3 (6.25%) | 0.06 (0.01–0.17) |
 No pain | 40 (76.92%) | 1 (1.92%) |  |  |  |
 Mild pain, without self-treatment | 9 (17.31%) | 20 (38.46%) |  |  |  |
 Mild pain, with self-treatment | 1 (1.92%) | 7 (13.46%) |  |  |  |
 Compelled to rest due to pain | 0 (0%) | 24 (46.15%) |  |  |  |
 Consult doctor and total rest | 2 (3.85%) | 0 (0%) |  |  |  |
Pain frequency |  |  | 43 (91.49%) | 4 (8.51%) | 0.085 (0.02–0.2) |
 No pain | 40 (76.92%) | 1 (1.92%) |  |  |  |
 Weekly | 2 (3.85%) | 14 (26.92%) |  |  |  |
 Monthly | 2 (3.85%) | 9 (17.31%) |  |  |  |
 Daily | 8 (15.38%) | 24 (46.15%) |  |  |  |
 Constant | 0 (0%) | 4 (7.69%) |  |  |  |
Pain severity |  |  | 48 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0–0.07) |
 No pain | 40 (76.92%) | 1 (1.92%) |  |  |  |
 Mild | 9 (17.31%) | 3 (5.77%) |  |  |  |
 Medium | 1 (1.92%) | 18 (34.61%) |  |  |  |
 Severe | 2 (3.85%) | 30 (57.69%) |  |  |  |
Cognition |  |  | 6 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0–0.46) |
 No problem | 52 (100%) | 46 (88.46%) |  |  |  |
 Reduced concentration, memory affected | 0 (0%) | 4 (7.69%) |  |  |  |
 Loss of concentration | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.85%) |  |  |  |
Anxiety |  |  | 46 (100.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0–0.08) |
 No anxiety | 52 (100%) | 6 (11.54%) |  |  |  |
 Does not interfere with performance | 0 (0%) | 9 (17.31%) |  |  |  |
 Leads to low performance and irritating tendency | 0 (0%) | 22 (42.31%) |  |  |  |
 No performance and total detachment | 0 (0%) | 13 (25%) |  |  |  |
 Suicidal tendency | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.85%) |  |  |  |
Sleep problems |  |  | 28 (87.50%) | 4 (12.50%) | 0.13 (0.04–0.29) |
 No sleep problem | 42 (76.92%) | 22 (42.31%) |  |  |  |
 Sleep problem rarely | 10 (23.08%) | 9 (17.31%) |  |  |  |
 Sleep problem occasionally | 0 (0%) | 8 (15.39%) |  |  |  |
 Sleep problem often | 0 (0%) | 6 (11.53%) |  |  |  |
 Cannot sleep most nights | 0 (0%) | 7 (13.46%) |  |  |  |
Social participation |  |  | 26 (96.30%) | 1 (3.70%) | 0.04 (0.0009–0.19) |
 No problem with social participation | 51 (98.08%) | 26 (50%) |  |  |  |
 Avoid social activities as far as possible | 1 (1.92%) | 19 (36.54%) |  |  |  |
 Total avoidance of social activities | 0 (0%) | 7 (13.46%) |  |  |  |
Work hours |  |  | 19 (44.19%) | 24 (55.81%) | 0.56 (0.40–0.71) |
 No work | 7 (13.46%) | 5 (9.62%) |  |  |  |
 Retired | 5 (9.62%) | 9 (17.31%) |  |  |  |
 Seasonal work | 6 (11.54%) | 2 (3.85%) |  |  |  |
 1–4 h | 1 (1.92%) | 11 (21.15%) |  |  |  |
 5–8 h | 9 (17.31%) | 5 (9.62%) |  |  |  |
  > 8 h | 24 (46.15%) | 20 (38.46%) |  |  |  |
Treatment expenditure on last hospital visit |  |  | 33 (97.06%) | 1 (2.94%) | 0.03 (0.0007–0.15) |
  < 40,000 Naira (about US $125) | 40 (95.24%) | 9 (21.43%) |  |  |  |
  > 40,000 Naira (about US $125) | 2 (4.76%) | 33 (78.57%) |  |  |  |
Bed net/door and window screens |  |  | 7 (22.58%) | 24 (77.42%) | 0.77 (0.59–0.90) |
 No net use | 18 (34.62%) | 30 (57.69%) |  |  |  |
 Screen on doors and windows | 2 (3.85%) | 7 (13.46%) |  |  |  |
 Bed net use | 32 (61.54%) | 15 (28.85%) |  |  |  |