Characteristic | Urban Dar es Salaam | Rural Morogoro Region | p-value for interaction by site | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total N | Late or no receipt of DTP1 n (%) | Multivariate Relative Risk (95% CI) | p value | Total N | Late or no receipt of DTP1 n (%) | Multivariate Relative Risk (95% CI) | p value | ||
Total cohort | 11,189 | 1283 (11.47%) | – | – | 19,767 | 1808 (9.15%) | – | – |  |
Infant sex | |||||||||
 Male | 5712 | 669 (11.71%) | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 0.40 | 10,517 | 983 (9.35%) | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 0.26 | 0.93 |
 Female | 5473 | 613 (11.20%) | Reference |  | 9250 | 826 (8.93%) | Reference |  |  |
Parity | |||||||||
 Firstborn | 2577 | 332 (12.88%) | Reference |  | 4865 | 514 (10.57%) | Reference |  | 0.17 |
 2nd-4th child | 5239 | 566 (10.80%) | 0.95 (0.82–1.10) | 0.48 | 9083 | 808 (8.90%) | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | 0.003 |  |
 5th or greater child | 686 | 80 (11.66%) | 1.05 (0.81–1.35) | 0.73 | 3006 | 330 (10.98%) | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) | 0.53 |  |
Birthweight | |||||||||
 Low birthweight (< 2500 g) | 967 | 113 (11.69%) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 0.56 | 2741 | 184 (6.71%) | 0.69 (0.60–0.80) | <  0.001 | 0.009 |
 Normal birthweight (≥2500 g) | 10,208 | 1167 (11.43%) | Reference |  | 17,026 | 1625 (9.54%) | Reference |  |  |
Gestational Age | |||||||||
 Preterm (< 37 weeks) | 1511 | 172 (11.38%) | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | 0.97 | 1887 | 189 (10.02%) | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 0.91 | 0.60 |
 Term (≥37 weeks) | 6430 | 674 (10.48%) | Reference |  | 9978 | 898 (9.00%) | Reference |  |  |
Size for gestational Age | |||||||||
 SGA (<10th percentile) | 729 | 77 (10.56%) | 0.88 (0.71–1.11) | 0.28 | 1572 | 134 (8.52%) | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 0.40 | 0.76 |
 No SGA (≥10th percentile) | 7084 | 755 (10.66%) | Reference |  | 9987 | 918 (9.19%) | Reference |  |  |
Maternal age | |||||||||
  < 20 years | 1835 | 247 (13.46%) | 1.48 (1.23–1.78) | <  0.001* | 4517 | 446 (9.87%) | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 0.003* | 0.23 |
 20–25 years | 3269 | 340 (10.40%) | 1.18 (1.01–1.39) |  | 5266 | 513 (9.74%) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) |  |  |
 25–30 years | 2825 | 247 (8.74%) | Reference |  | 5256 | 478 (9.09%) | Reference |  |  |
 30–35 years | 1396 | 121 (8.67%) | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) |  | 2744 | 208 (7.58%) | 0.82 (0.70–0.96) |  |  |
  ≥ 35 years | 589 | 54 (9.17%) | 0.98 (0.73–1.31) |  | 1397 | 107 (7.66%) | 0.77 (0.62–0.94) |  |  |
Maternal education | |||||||||
 No formal schooling | 466 | 58 (12.45%) | 1.16 (0.90–1.50) | 0.05* | 2098 | 264 (12.58%) | 1.13 (0.98–1.30) | 0.17* | 0.29 |
 Some primary | 347 | 43 (12.39%) | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) |  | 1872 | 203 (10.84%) | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) |  |  |
 Completed primary | 7291 | 746 (10.23%) | Reference |  | 13,974 | 1169 (8.37%) | Reference |  |  |
 Secondary plus | 1656 | 144 (8.70%) | 0.89 (0.74–1.06) |  | 1225 | 107 (8.73%) | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) |  |  |
Paternal education | |||||||||
 No formal schooling | 189 | 20 (10.58%) | 0.88 (0.58–1.35) | 0.14* | 1218 | 197 (16.17%) | 1.59 (1.36–1.87) | <  0.001* | 0.04 |
 Some primary | 221 | 38 (17.19%) | 1.57 (1.16–2.11) |  | 1481 | 177 (11.95%) | 1.32 (1.13–1.53) |  |  |
 Completed primary | 6631 | 686 (10.35%) | Reference |  | 14,588 | 1228 (8.42%) | Reference |  |  |
 Secondary plus | 2742 | 243 (8.86%) | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) |  | 1889 | 139 (7.36%) | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) |  |  |
Wealth quintile | |||||||||
 Q1 (Poorest) | 1577 | 208 (13.12%) | 1.43 (1.13–1.80) | 0.01* | 3988 | 433 (10.86%) | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | <  0.001* | 0.02 |
 Q2 | 2325 | 232 (9.98%) | 1.12 (0.89–1.41) |  | 4350 | 488 (11.22%) | 1.35 (1.16–1.57) |  |  |
 Q3 | 1712 | 183 (10.69%) | 1.24 (0.98–1.57) |  | 3247 | 240 (7.39%) | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) |  |  |
 Q4 | 2988 | 283 (9.47%) | 1.15 (0.92–1.42) |  | 3810 | 318 (8.35%) | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) |  |  |
 Q5 (Richest) | 1282 | 102 (7.96%) | Reference |  | 3828 | 276 (7.21%) | Reference |  |  |
Place of birtha | |||||||||
 Home | – | – | – | – | 2646 | 310 (11.72%) | 1.20 (1.06–1.35) | 0.004 |  |
 Facility | – | – | – |  | 17,100 | 1492 (8.73%) | Reference |  |  |
Trimester of first ANC visit | |||||||||
 1st Trimester | 1133 | 112 (9.89%) | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | <  0.001* | 1536 | 144 (9.38%) | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | 0.63* | 0.001 |
 2nd Trimester | 6604 | 737 (11.16%) | Reference |  | 12,486 | 1259 (10.08%) | Reference |  |  |
 3rd Trimester | 802 | 139 (17.33%) | 1.55 (1.32–1.83) |  | 2031 | 196 (9.65%) | 0.95 (0.83–1.10) |  |  |