Study Details | Outcome Examined | Multivariable Associations Reported | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author/Year | Country | Study Design/Dates | Population | STBBI Outcome | Condom Use Outcome | Individual & Interpersonal Determinants | Structural Determinants |
Argento et al., 2014 [29] | Canada (Vancouver) | Cross-sectional 2010–2013 | 369 female sex workers (trans inclusive) |  | Inconsistent condom use with intimate partners | Inconsistent condom use was positively associated with having a cohabiting (aOR 5.43, 95%CI 2.53–11.66) or non-cohabiting intimate partner (aOR 2.15, 95%CI 1.11–4.19) (versus casual partner), providing drugs (aOR 3.04, 95%CI 1.47–6.30) or financial support to an intimate partner (aOR 2.46, 95%CI 1.05–5.74), physical intimate partner violence (aOR 2.20, 95%CI 1.17–4.12), and an intimate partner providing physical safety (aOR 2.08, 95%CI 1.11–3.91); non-injection drug use was inversely associated (aOR 0.32, 95%CI 0.17–0.60) |  |
Argento et al., 2015 [61] | Canada (Vancouver) | Cross-sectional 2010–2013 | 654 female sex workers (trans inclusive) |  | Client condom refusal |  | Social cohesion had an independent protective effect on client condom refusal (aOR 0.97, 95 %CI 0.95–0.99) |
Cohan et al., 2006 [96] | USA (San Francisco) | Cross-sectional 1999–2004 | 783 sex workers (419 female, 187 male, 126 trans) | Prevalence of STI: gonorrhoea (12.4%), chlamydia (6.8%), syphilis (1.8%), or herpes simplex virus 2 (34.3%) |  | STIs were positively associated with African American ethnicity (aOR 3.3, 95%CI 1.3–8.3), male gender (aOR 1.9, 95%CI 1.0–3.6), and work-related violence (aOR 1.9, 95%CI 1.1–3.3) | STIs were inversely associated with working collectively (aOR 0.4, 95%CI 0.1–0.9) |
Deering et al., 2013 [77] | Canada (Vancouver) | Cross-sectional 2010–2011 | 490 female sex workers (trans inclusive) |  | Being offered or accepting more money for sex without a condom | Offered and accepting more money for sex without a condom was positively associated with being a sexual minority (aOR 2.72, 95%CI 1.35–5.46), less than daily crystal meth (aOR 2.95, 95%CI 1.27–6.87), speedball injection (aOR 6.93, 95%CI 1.60–29.94), having more clients per week (1.03, 95%CI 1.01–1.06), clients have other sex worker partners (1.83, 95%CI 1.19–2.84), and client violence (aOR 2.18, 95%CI 1.10–4.34) | Offered and accepting more money for sex without a condom was inversely associated with soliciting for clients in indoor settings (aOR 0.15, 95%CI 0.04–0.54) |
Goldenberg et al., 2014 [31] | Canada (Vancouver) | Cross-sectional 2010–2011 | 508 female sex workers (trans inclusive) | Prevalence of HIV (11.2%), combined STI/HIV (20.9%) |  | HIV infection was positively associated with early sex work initiation: < 18 years vs. 18+ years (aOR 2.49, 95%CI 1.35–4.64), < 16 years vs. 16+ years (aOR 1.88, 1.03–3.42) |  |
Goldenberg et al., 2015 [38] | Canada (Vancouver) | Prospective cohort 2010–2013 | 715 female sex workers (trans inclusive) | HCV prevalence (43.6%); HCV incidence (4.28 events per 100 person-years) |  | HCV incidence was inversely associated with age (aHR 0.91, p = 0.04), and positively associated with STI co-infection (aHR 3.45, p = 0.04), and crack use (aHR 4.24, p = 0.05); HIV co-infection was also positively associated with incidence of HCV in a separate model. |  |
Kweon et al., 2006 [39] | Korea | Cross sectional Jan-July 2004 | 1527 female sex workers (HIV negative, non-IDU) | HCV prevalence (1.4%) |  | HCV was positively associated with history of acupuncture (aOR 3.3, 95%CI 1.16–9.34) and diabetes (aOR 11.2, 95%CI 2.63–47.8) |  |
Lee et al., 2010 [36] | Korea | Cross-sectional June-Nov 2008 | 999 female sex workers | Prevalence of chlamydia (12.8%) | Condom use last night; last month | Higher prevalence of chlamydia was positively associated with younger age and higher inconsistency of condom use. | Â |
Mc Grath-Lone et al., 2014 [83] | England | Cross-sectional Jan-Dec 2011 | 2704 female sex workers | Prevalence of HIV (0.2%), syphilis (0.1%), chlamydia (10.1%), gonorrhoea (2.7%), HCV (0.2%) |  |  | Being a migrant sex worker vs. UK-born was inversely associated with prevalence of chlamydia (aOR 0.59, 95%CI 0.46–0.79) |
Platt et al., 2011 [30] | England (London) | Cross-sectional 2008–2009 | 268 female sex workers (indoor-working) | Prevalence of HIV (1.1%), syphilis (2.2%), chlamydia or gonorrhoea (6.4%) |  | STBBI prevalence was positively associated with age 23–36 years vs. 17–22 years (aOR 12.3, 95%CI 1.44–105.1) and having an intimate partner (aOR 3.0, 95%CI 1.03–8.73) | STBBI prevalence was positively associated with having no contact with outreach services (aOR 3.6, 95%CI 1.14–10.5) |
Shannon et al., 2007 [25] | Canada (Vancouver) | Cross-sectional 2004 | 198 female sex workers (trans inclusive) | HIV prevalence (26%) |  | HIV infection was positively associated with early (< 18 years of age) sex work initiation (aOR 1.8, 95%CI 1.3–2.2), Aboriginal ethnicity (aOR 2.1, 95%CI 1.4–3.8), daily cocaine injection (aOR 2.2, 95%CI 1.3–3.5), daily crack smoking (aOR 2.7, 95%CI 2.1–3.9), and unprotected sex with intimate partner (aOR 2.8, 95%CI 1.9–3.6). |  |
Shannon et al., 2009 [60] | Canada (Vancouver) | Cross-sectional Apr-Sept 2006 | 205 female sex workers (trans inclusive) |  | Pressured into unprotected sex by client | Client condom refusal was positively associated with sharing a crack pipe with client (aOR 2.5, 95%CI 1.06–2.49) and client violence (aOR 2.08, 95%CI 1.06–4.49) | Client condom refusal was positively associated with working in outdoor/public spaces (aOR 2.00, 95%CI 1.65–5.73), having a workplace zoning restriction from prior charges (aOR 3.39, 95%CI 1.00–9.36), and policing-related displacement (aOR 3.01, 95%CI 1.39–7.44) |
Sou et al., 2015 [85] | Canada (Vancouver) | Cross-sectional 2010–2013 | 182 migrant female sex workers (trans inclusive) |  | Inconsistent condom use by client |  | Inconsistent condom use by clients was positively associated with difficulty accessing condoms (aOR 3.76; 95%CI 1.13–12.47); and inversely associated with servicing clients indoors (aOR 0.34, 95%CI 0.15–0.77) and education (aOR 0.22, 95%CI 0.09–0.50) |
Surratt et al., 2012 [49] | USA (Miami, Florida) | Cross-sectional 2006–2010 | 562 female sex workers (drug users) |  | Unprotected vaginal sex | Unprotected sex was positively associated with age (aOR 1.03, 95%CI 1.01–1.05) and client violence (aOR 1.82, 95%CI 1.22–2.72) |  |
Surratt et al., 2012 [35] | USA (Miami, Florida) | Cross-sectional 2007–2010 | 562 female sex workers (drug users) | HIV prevalence |  | HIV prevalence was positively associated with early initiation into sex work before age 18 (aOR 2.10, 95%CI 1.25–3.54) | HIV prevalence was positively associated with history of foster care (aOR 3.68, 95%CI 1.62–8.35) |