Table 1 Baseline characteristics and risk factor analysis
From: Human papillomavirus infection & anal cytological abnormalities in HIV-positive men in eastern India
Baseline characteristics | Risk factor analysis for abnormal and normal anal cytology in HIV positive men (n = 95) | Risk factor analysis for HPV positive and negative in HIV positive men (n = 119) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Frequency | Uni-variate | Multi-variate | Frequency | Frequency | Uni-variate | |||||
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | ||||||||
Positive (n = 60) | Negative (n = 35) | OR | P-value | OR | P-value | Positive (n = 33) | Negative (n = 86) | OR | P-value | ||
(95% CI) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||||||||
Age (years) | < 35 year | 27 (45.0) | 18 (51.4) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | 0.54 | 15 (45.5) | 41 (47.7) | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 0.82 | ||
33 (55.0) | 17 (48.6) | 1 | 18 (54.5) | 45 (52.3) | 1 | ||||||
Education | Illiterate | 12 (20.0) | 5 (14.3) | 1.5 (0.4–4.6) | 0.48 | 1 (3.0) | 16 (18.6) | 0.1 (0.0–1.0) | 0.05 | ||
48 (80.0) | 30 (85.7) | 1 | 32 (97.0) | 70 (81.4) | 1 | ||||||
Employment | Unemployed | 30 (50.0) | 14 (40.0) | 1.5 (0.6–3.4) | 0.34 | 13 (39.4) | 36 (41.9) | 0.9 (0.3–2.0) | 0.80 | ||
30 (50.0) | 21 (60.0) | 1 | 20 (60.6) | 50 (58.1) | 1 | ||||||
Urban/rural | Rural | 45 (75.0) | 26 (74.3) | 0.9 (0.3–2.5) | 0.93 | 26 (78.8) | 61 (71.0) | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) | 0.38 | ||
15 (25.0) | 9 (25.7) | 1 | 7 (21.2) | 25 (29.0) | 1 | ||||||
Marital status | Married, Widowed, Divorced | 6 (10.0) | 1 (2.9) | 0.2 (0.0–2.2) | 0.22 | 6 (18.2) | 4 (4.7) | 0.2 (0.0–0.8) | 0.22 | ||
Never married | 54 (90.0) | 34 (97.1) | 1 | 27 (81.8) | 82 (95.3) | 1 | |||||
History of active tuberculosis | Present | 24 (40.0) | 8 (22.9) | 2.4 (1.1–6.1) | 0.04 | 9 (27.3) | 35 (40.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | 0.17 | ||
36 (60.0) | 27 (77.1) | 1 | 24 (72.7) | 51 (59.3) | 1 | ||||||
History of Alcohol intake | Yes | 46 (76.7) | 27 (77.1) | 0.9 (0.3–2.6) | 0.95 | 24 (72.7) | 70 (81.4) | 0.6 (0.2–1.5) | 0.30 | ||
14 (23.3) | 8 (22.9) | 1 | 9 (27.3) | 16 (18.6) | 1 | ||||||
History of Smoking | Yes | 48 (80.0) | 28 (80.0) | 1.0 (0.3–2.8) | 0.99 | 26 (78.8) | 72 (83.7) | 0.7 (0.2–1.9) | 0.52 | ||
12 (20.0) | 7 (20.0) | 1 | 7 (21.2) | 14 (16.3) | 1 | ||||||
History of Anal intercourse with other male. | Present | 31 (51.7) | 5 (14.3) | 6.4 (2.1–18.7) | 0.00* | 6.1 (2.0–18.7) | 0.00* | 15 (45.5) | 29 (33.7) | 1.6 (0.7–3.7) | 0.23 |
29 (48.3) | 30 (85.7) | 1 | |||||||||
No. of Sexual partners | >one | 50 (83.3) | 27 (77.1) | 1.5 (0.5–4.4) | 0.39 | 26 (78.8) | 70 (81.4) | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) | 0.74 | ||
10 (16.7) | 8 (22.9) | 1 | 7 (21.2) | 16 (18.6) | 1 | ||||||
History of hemorrhoid | Present | 27 (45.0) | 11 (31.4) | 1.7 (0.7–4.2) | 0.19 | 15 (45.5) | 35 (40.7) | 1.2 (0.5–2.7) | 0.63 | ||
33 (55.0) | 24 (68.6) | 1 | 18 (54.5) | 51 (59.3) | |||||||
Anal symptoms (bleeding, discharge, pain, irritation) | Present | 26 (43.3) | 11 (31.4) | 1.6 (0.6–4.0) | 0.25 | 15 (45.5) | 35 (40.7) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 0.55 | ||
34 (56.7) | 24 (68.6) | 1 | 18 (54.5) | 51 (59.3) | 1 | ||||||
WHO HIV clinical staging | III + IV | 30 (50.0) | 9 (25.7) | 2.8 (1.1–7.1) | 0.02* | 2.7 (1.1–7.5) | 0.04* | 14 (42.4) | 37 (43.0) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 0.95 |
I + II | 30 (50.0) | 26 (74.3) | 1 | 19 (57.6) | 49 (57.0) | 1 | |||||
CD4 count (ul) (at the time of study) | < 350 | 50 (83.3) | 22 (62.9) | 2.9 (1.1–7.7) | 0.02* | 1.6 (0.5–4.7) | 0.37 | 26 (78.8) | 61 (71.0) | 1.5 (0.5–3.9) | 0.38 |
10 (16.7) | 13 (37.1) | 1 | 7 (21.2) | 25 (29.0) | 1 | ||||||
Weight (kg) | < 40 | 7 (11.7) | 6 (17.1) | 0.6 (0.1–2.0) | 0.45 | 4 (12.1) | 10 (11.6) | 1.0 (0.3–3.6) | 0.94 | ||
53 (88.3) | 29 (82.9) | 1 | 29 (87.9) | 76 (88.4) | 1 | ||||||
Hemoglobin (g/dl) | < 10 mg/dl | 14 (23.3) | 7 (20.0) | 1.5 (0.5–4.3) | 0.70 | 7 (21.2) | 19 (22.0) | 0.9 (0.3–2.5) | 0.91 | ||
46 (76.7) | 28 (80.0) | 1 | 26 (78.8) | 67 (78.0) | 1 | ||||||
Presence of anal wart on visual inspection | Present | 14 (23.3) | 7 (20.0) | 1.5 (0.5–4.3) | 0.70 | 7 (21.2) | 21 (24.4) | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 0.71 | ||
46 (76.7) | 28 (80.0) | 1 | 26 (78.8) | 65 (75.6) | 1 | ||||||
ART status | Pre ART | 32 (53.3) | 19 (54.3) | 0.9 (0.4–2.2) | 0.92 | 23 (69.7) | 48 (55.8) | 1.8 (0.7–4.2) | 0.17 | ||
On ART | 28 (46.7) | 16 (45.7) | 1 | 10 (30.3) | 38 (44.2) | 1 | |||||