Table 5 Risk factors for treatment failure in pediatric invasive candidiasis by univariate and multivariate analysis
Risk factors | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment success (total n = 261) | Treatment failure (total n = 81) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Neonates vs. children | |||||
 Neonates | 77 (29.5) | 36 (44.4) | 0.015 | 1.96 (0.91–4.23) | 0.087 |
 Children | 184 (70.5) | 45 (55.6) |  | 1 (reference) |  |
Initiation of antifungal agents within 24 h | 100 (38.3) | 41 (50.6) | 0.054 | 1.58 (0.79–3.16) | 0.540 |
Breakthrough invasive candidiasis | 24 (9.2) | 17 (21.0) | 0.010 | 2.99 (1.04–8.67) | 0.043 |
Septic shock at onset | 34 (13.0) | 55 (67.9) | <  0.001 | 16.01 (7.64–33.56) | <  0.001 |
Underlying renal failure with/without hemodialysis | 20 (7.7) | 19 (23.5) | <  0.001 | 5.38 (1.99–14.57) | 0.001 |
Delayed catheter removal > 3 days after illness onset | 154 (59.0) | 71 (87.7) | <  0.001 | 6.78 (2.48–18.52) | <  0.001 |
Treatment regimens | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â |
 Fluconazole | 109 (40.6) | 22 (27.2) |  | 1 (reference) |  |
 Amphotericin B | 73 (28.0) | 24 (29.6) |  | 1.53 (0.70–3.33) | 0.289 |
 Echinocandin | 73 (28.0) | 23 (28.4) |  | 1.04 (0.47–2.31) | 0.933 |
 Combination therapy | 6 (2.3) | 2 (2.5) |  | 1.76 (0.25–12.3) | 0.570 |
 No antifungal treatment | 0 (0) | 10 (12.3) |  | 10.07 (1.6–64.7) | <  0.001 |
Pathogens | Â | Â | 0.729 | Â | Â |
 Candida albicans | 121 (46.4) | 34 (42.0) |  |  |  |
 Candida parapsilosis | 71 (27.2) | 24 (58.0) |  |  |  |
 Candida tropicalis | 15 (5.7) | 7 (8.6) |  |  |  |
 Candida glabrata | 17 (6.5) | 4 (4.9) |  |  |  |
 Other Candida spp. | 36 (13.8) | 12 (14.8) |  |  |  |
Infectious source | Â | Â | 0.358 | Â | Â |
 Primary bloodstream infection | 169 (64.8) | 59 (72.8) |  |  |  |
 Catheter-related bloodstream infection | 59 (22.6) | 10 (12.3) |  |  |  |
 Intra-abdominal | 22 (8.4) | 9 (11.1) |  |  |  |
 Urological | 4 (1.5) | 1 (1.2) |  |  |  |
 Lung | 3 (1.1) | 1 (1.2) |  |  |  |
 Meningitis | 4 (1.5) | 1 (1.2) |  |  |  |