|
Without comorbidities, n = 574
|
With chronic respiratory disease, n = 790
|
With other comorbiditiesa, n = 1253
|
---|
|
No. death/no. cases (% mortality)
|
ARRb (95% CI)
|
No. death/no. cases (% mortality)
|
ARRb (95% CI)
|
No. death/no. cases (% mortality)
|
ARRb (95% CI)
|
---|
HRV
|
2/53 (3.8)
|
0.73 (0.18–2.96)
|
4/83 (4.8)
|
0.78 (0.28–2.14)
|
8/98 (8.2)
|
0.97 (0.48–1.96)
|
Inf A/B
|
0/22 (0.0)
|
0.00 (0.00–0.00)
|
6/31 (19.4)
|
3.38 (1.54–7.42)
|
4/57 (7.0)
|
0.73 (0.26–2.02)
|
Paramyxovirus (RSV/hMPV/PIV1–4)
|
1/32 (3.1)
|
0.47 (0.07–3.26)
|
3/71 (4.2)
|
0.66 (0.20–2.13)
|
1/109 (0.9)
|
0.10 (0.01–0.70)
|
Other viruses (HAdV/HBoV/HCoV)
|
0/4 (0.0)
|
0.00 (0.00–0.00)
|
1/5 (20.0)
|
4.55 (0.58–35.5)
|
1/9 (11.1)
|
1.33 (0.21–8.66)
|
Multiple viruses
|
0/7 (0.0)
|
0.00 (0.00–0.00)
|
1/6 (16.7)
|
3.98 (0.68–23.24)
|
3/18 (16.7)
|
1.68 (0.56–5.03)
|
No virus
|
26/456 (5.7)
|
Reference
|
44/594 (7.4)
|
Reference
|
88/962 (9.2)
|
Reference
|
| |
ARRc(95% CI)
| |
ARRc(95% CI)
| |
ARRc(95% CI)
|
Only viruses
|
1/64 (1.6)
|
0.24 (0.03–1.78)
|
9/108 (8.3)
|
1.28 (0.59–2.81)
|
9/187 (4.8)
|
0.51 (0.26–1.01)
|
Only bacterial pathogens
|
8/179 (4.5)
|
0.83 (0.36–1.93)
|
16/227 (7.1)
|
1.13 (0.61–2.09)
|
27/340 (7.9)
|
0.84 (0.54–1.31)
|
Viral-bacterial co-infection
|
2/54 (3.7)
|
0.58 (0.14–2.38)
|
6/88 (6.8)
|
1.29 (0.55–3.06)
|
8/104 (7.7)
|
0.77 (0.38–1.59)
|
No viral or bacterial pathogens
|
18/277 (6.5)
|
Reference
|
28/367 (7.6)
|
Reference
|
61/622 (9.8)
|
Reference
|
| |
ARRb (95% CI)
| |
ARRb (95% CI)
| |
ARRb (95% CI)
|
Multiple viruses
|
0/7 (0.0)
|
0.00 (0.00–0.00)
|
1/6 (16.7)
|
3.22 (0.52–19.81)
|
3/18 (16.7)
|
2.98 (0.91–9.78)
|
Single virus
|
3/111 (2.7)
|
Reference
|
14/190 (7.4)
|
Reference
|
14/273 (5.1)
|
Reference
|
-
ARR adjusted risk ratio, CI confidence interval, HRV human rhinovirus, InfA influenza A virus, RSV respiratory syncytial virus, PIV1–4 human parainfluenza virus type 1–4, HMPV human metapneumovirus, InfB influenza B virus, HCoV human coronavirus (229E/OC43), HAdV human adenovirus, HBoV human bocavirus
-
a Other comorbidities include diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, neuromuscular disease, cardiac failure, ischaemic heart disease, collagen disease, malignancy, renal disease, and liver disease
-
bAdjusted for age, study site, duration of symptoms, month of diagnosis, antibiotic use and presence of bacteria
-
cAdjusted for age, study site, duration of symptoms, month of diagnosis, and antibiotic use