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Table 3 Health-related quality of life of influenza outpatients

From: The impact of influenza on the health related quality of life in China: an EQ-5D survey

 

n

VAS

Health utility

QALD loss a

 

Mean (SD)

Median

(IQR)

Multiple linear regression

(95% CI) b

Mean

(SD)

Median

(IQR)

Multiple linear regression

(95% CI) b

Mean (SD)

Median (IQR)

Multiple linear regression

(95% CI) b

Total

529

68.93

(19.08)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

 

0.6142 (0.2006)

0.6430 (0.5630,0.7350)

 

1.62 (1.84)

1.09 (0.46,2.04)

 

Age group (years)

 0–4

122

71.39

(20.06)

75.00

(60.00, 80.00)

Reference

0.6286 (0.1963)

0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350)

Reference

1.72 (1.84)

1.48 (0.65,2.15)

Reference

 5–15

246

69.65

(18.40)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

−2.56

(−6.79, 1.80)

0.6216 (0.1921)

0.6430 (0.5690,0.7290)

−0.0119

(−0.0525, 0.0332)

1.47 (1.53)

1.09 (0.50,1.98)

−0.13

(−0.52, 0.20)

 16–59

146

65.53

(19.71)

70.00

(50.00, 80.00)

−5.88

(−10.73, −0.94)f

0.5939 (0.2165)

0.6430 (0.4575,0.7290)

−0.0329

(−0.0840, 0.0175)

1.77 (2.31)

0.92 (0.40,2.33)

0.13

(−0.33, 0.66)

 ≥ 60

15

70.33

(10.77)

70.00

(65.00, 72.50)

0.22

(−6.55, 7.65)

0.5733 (0.2109)

0.6430 (0.4130,0.7290)

−0.0424

(−0.1525, 0.0760)

1.84 (1.47)

1.27 (0.92,3.00)

0.01

(−0.79, 0.84)

Gender

     

p = 0.0041

  

p = 0.0441

 

 Female

248

67.05

(20.51)

70.00

(50.00, 80.00)

Reference

0.584 (0.2164)

0.6430 (0.4510,0.7290)

Reference

1.79 (1.95)

1.30 (0.52,2.17)

Reference

 Male

281

70.59

(17.58)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

3.26

(−0.01, 6.39)

0.6408 (0.1818)

0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350)

0.0565

(0.0216, 0.0900)f

1.47 (1.73)

1.09 (0.39,1.98)

−0.32

(−0.62, −0.02)f

Risk status c

     

p = 0.0097

  

p < 0.001

 

 Low-risk

412

69.88

(18.87)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

Reference

0.6267 (0.1948)

0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350)

Reference

1.42 (1.63)

0.95 (0.39,1.98)

Reference

 High-risk

117

65.58

(19.50)

70.00

(50.00, 80.00)

−4.36

(−8.20, −0.55)f

0.5698 (0.2147)

0.6430 (0.3650,0.7290)

−0.0573

(−0.1029, −0.0158)f

2.33 (2.32)

1.74 (0.88,2.87)

0.87

(0.51, 1.39)f

Area

 Urban

438

68.28

(19.49)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

Reference

0.6075 (0.2041)

0.6430 (0.5432,0.7290)

Reference

1.67 (1.89)

1.16 (0.50,2.07)

Reference

 Rural

91

72.09

(16.68)

75.00

(60.00, 80.00)

2.71

(−1.84, 6.50)

0.646 (0.1802)

0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350)

0.0339

(−0.0080, 0.0728)

1.40 (1.56)

0.92 (0.39,1.97)

−0.26

(−0.63, 0.13)

Region

        

p = 0.0373

 

 East China

271

68.79

(19.43)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

Reference

0.6162 (0.1905)

0.6430 (0.5440,0.7290)

Reference

1.53 (1.80)

1.09 (0.43,1.99)

Reference

 Central China

122

69.48

(19.56)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

0.08

(−4.43, 4.21)

0.6298 (0.217)

0.6430 (0.5690,0.7470)

0.0064

(−0.0404, 0.0512)

1.50 (1.80)

1.09 (0.16,2.03)

0.01

(−0.32, 0.48)

 West China

136

68.74

(18.04)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

−1.26

(−4.87, 2.77)

0.596 (0.2051)

0.6430 (0.5372,0.7290)

−0.0287

(−0.0705, 0.0082)

1.92 (1.94)

1.37 (0.65,2.52)

0.45

(0.11, 0.89)f

Hospital d

 Level 3

298

67.23

(19.67)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

Reference

0.6006 (0.2171)

0.6430 (0.4922,0.7335)

Reference

1.82 (2.13)

1.30 (0.46,2.17)

Reference

 Level 2

119

71.18

(17.39)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

3.61

(−0.53, 7.19)

0.6364 (0.1575)

0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350)

0.0259

(−0.0160, 0.0625)

1.23 (1.10)

0.92 (0.48,1.6)

−0.46

(−0.80, −0.15)f

 Level 1 and lower

112

71.06

(18.89)

72.50

(60.00, 85.00)

2.96

(−1.50, 7.42)

0.6266 (0.1944)

0.6430 (0.5690,0.7350)

0.0188

(−0.0250, 0.0607)

1.51 (1.56)

1.11 (0.49,2.07)

−0.25

(−0.63, 0.08)

Virus type

 Untyped e

307

67.59

(19.59)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

Reference

0.6072 (0.2052)

0.6430 (0.5440,0.7350)

Reference

1.67 (1.92)

1.09 (0.50,2.04)

Reference

 Influenza A

164

70.21

(17.98)

70.00

(60.00, 80.00)

3.22

(−0.60, 6.54)

0.6242 (0.1889)

0.6430 (0.5430,0.7350)

0.0217

(−0.0147, 0.0580)

1.56 (1.79)

1.11 (0.39,2.17)

−0.11

(−0.45, 0.24)

 Influenza B

58

72.41

(18.95)

70.00

(60.00, 85.00)

4.31

(−1.54, 9.36)

0.6227 (0.21)

0.7290 (0.5690,0.7290)

0.0137

(−0.0489, 0.0639)

1.54 (1.54)

0.92 (0.52,1.95)

−0.12

(−0.55, 0.32)

  1. a QALD: quality-adjusted life days
  2. b Compared to the reference, absolute increase or decrease of the VAS, health utility and/or QALD loss. And we obtained the bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstrap percentile confidence interval using the R function “boot.ci”
  3. c Risk status: high risk patients refer to those with underlying medical conditions including: chronic respiratory disease, asthma, chronic cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic liver disease, and chronic renal disease, etc. Other patients without these underlying diseases are low risk patients
  4. d Level 3 is the top level, followed by level 2 and level 1 in order
  5. e Untyped: Laboratory tests for influenza virus type identification were not conducted
  6. f p < 0.05: significant differences
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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