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Table 5 Results of tests and performance of routine diagnostic methods compared to reference tests. N = 1564

From: Acute undifferentiated fever in India: a multicentre study of aetiology and diagnostic accuracy

Diagnostic method

N

Positive N (%)

Negative N (%)

Equivocal or discrepancya N (%)

Missing data N

Leptospira

 ELISA

1502

201 (14)

1240 (83)

61 (4)

62

 MAT on ELISA positives

179

116 (65)

63 (35)

 

22

 MAT on ELISA negatives

52

32 (62)

20 (38)

 

1188

Scrub typhus

 ELISA

1504

313 (21)

1180 (78)

11 (1)

60

 IFA on ELISA positives

260

159 (61)

101 (39)

 

53

 IFA on ELISA negatives

107

12 (11)

95 (89)

 

1073

Dengue

 NS1/IgM/IgG Combo (RDT)

1465

124 (8)

1318 (90)

23 (2)

99

 MAC ELISA

1400

177 (13)

1064 (76)

159 (11)

164

 RDT and/or MAC ELISA

1501

244 (16)

1243 (83)

14 (1)

63

 MAC ELISA on RDT positives

118

57 (48)

48 (41)

13 (11)

6

 MAC ELISA on RDT negatives

1225

102 (8)

989 (81)

134 (11)

93

Chikungunya

 ELISA

1487

98 (7)

1389 (93)

 

77

Blood culture

1161

164 (14)

997 (86)

 

403

 Pathogenic

1161

124 (11)

   

   Neisseria spp.

124

1 (1)

   

   S. aureus

124

24 (19)

   

   Enterococci spp.

124

2 (2)

   

   E. faecalis

124

1 (1)

   

   S. pneumoniae

124

7 (6)

   

   S. pyogenes

124

1 (1)

   

   Streptococci spp.

124

1 (1)

   

   S. typhi/paratyphi

124

44 (35)

   

   Klebsiella spp

124

1 (1)

   

   E. coli

124

11 (9)

   

   Enterobacter spp

124

1 (1)

   

   Acinetobacter

124

4 (3)

   

   Burkholderia cepacia

124

1 (1)

   

   Pseudomonas spp

124

1 (1)

   

   Proteus

124

2 (2)

   

  Unidentifiedb

124

22 (18)

   

 Contaminantsc

1161

40 (3)

   

Malaria

 Genus specific PCR

1412

268 (19)

1144 (81)

 

152

 Species PCR or sequencing

251

   

17

   P. falciparum

251

116 (46)

   

   P. vivax

251

96 (38)

   

   P. malariae

251

9 (4)

   

   P. falciparum + vivax

251

27 (11)

   

   P. falciparum + malariae

251

2 (1)

   

   P. vivax + malariae

251

1 (0.4)

   

 Microscopy

1263

96 (8)

1167 (92)

 

301

 Microscopy and genus PCR

1168

66 (6)

918 (79)

184 (16)

396

 Microscopy, genus PCR and RDT

1163

41 (4)

906 (78)

216 (19)

401

  1. aDiscrepancy between tests performed at study sites and reference laboratory, or equivocal results
  2. bCocci (N = 5), gram negative (N = 4), gram positive (N = 7), unidentified (N = 6)
  3. c Bacillus (N = 14), coagulase negative staphylococci (N = 7), Corynebacterium (N = 4), diphteroids (N = 1), micrococci (N = 10), undefined contaminants (N = 4)