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Table 3 Median resistance with interquartile range of selected Gram negative bacteria to all tested antibiotics

From: Antimicrobial resistance in Africa: a systematic review

Drugs

Acinetobacter spp.

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Citrobacter spp.

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Escherichia coli

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Haemophilus influenzae

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Klebsiella pneumoniae

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella spp.

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Proteus spp.

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Shigella spp.

(N Isolates)

Median (IQR)

Amikacin

(240)

32.7(0–63.6)

(29)

5.8(0–15.4)

(5422)

0.2(0–24.5)

*NC

(1458)

12.6(1.6–37.7)

NC

NC

(251)

16.7(0–67.6)

(476)

(6.5–50)

(433)

4.9(0.2–15.5)

NC

Amoxicillin

NC

(71)

78.5(73.4–95.8)

(5500)

88.1(81.4–92.6)

NC

(524)

100(86.8–100)

NC

NC

(409)

82(48.8–91.4)

(230)

84.8(19.2–98.2)

(150)

69.2(44.0–77.3)

NC

Ampicillin

(188)

100(92.5–100)

(59)

100(66.1–100)

(2951)

86.7(69.2–96.7)

(18)

100(76.6–100)

(1259)

100(93.4–100)

NC

NC

(685)

42.3(28.3–84.7)

(820)

100(94.5–100)

(380)

57.8(21.2–75)

(110)

51.1(45.0–61.6)

Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid

(56)

94.1(15–100)

(53)

34.8(0–100)

(6764)

43.5(30.8–61.9)

(35)

22.2(0–39.5)

(2043)

55.4(35.7–73.2)

NC

(357)

0(0–53.4)

(730)

21.2(0–56.3)

(852)

50(3.1–91.9)

(558)

6.1(0.6–15.1)

NC

Azithromycin

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

(199)

4.2(2.2–33.3)

(1120)

0(0–5.2)

NC

NC

(197)

0(0–0.5)

NC

Cefotaxime

(205)

90.9(41.7–100)

(58)

29.2(9.1–72.8)

(5173)

26.8(8.3–64.5)

NC

(1199)

50(32.5–76.4)

(96)

0(0–3.4)

(1099)

2.1(0–11.7)

(324)

20.8(0.3–57.6)

(288)

88.5(18.3–100)

(509)

0(0–1.2)

NC

Ceftazidime

(260)

81.5(36.1–90.8)

(60)

45(9.8–78.6)

(2773)

19.5(10.0–55.8)

NC

(1412)

46.5(12.7–62.9)

NC

NC

(463)

30.9(4.7–39.9)

(1216)

29(25–46.9)

(512)

1.2(0–39.0)

(354)

0(0–22.2)

Ceftriaxone

(69)

74.2(38.3–100)

(116)

25.3(0–77.2)

(2800)

31.5(6.9–47.7)

(88)

20.4(0–57.1)

(1547)

47.3(25–62.8)

(584)

0

(807)

9(0.2–41.8)

(755)

17(1.1–35.3)

(915)

30.6(4.5–78.5)

(150)

0(0–19.5)

NC

Cefuroxime

(31)

75(45.8–100)

NC

(3925)

30(19.7–51.2)

NC

(947)

51.9(35.8–83.2)

NC

NC

(124)

30.7(1.1–59.2)

NC

NC

NC

Cefoxitin

NC

NC

(535)

8.3(2.9–44.1)

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Cefepime

(79)

50(0–75.2)

NC

(957)

21.8(5.8–42.5)

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Cefalotin

NC

NC

(515)

56.9(23.5–63.5)

NC

(154)

55.7(42.4–76)

NC

NC

NC

NC

(145)

6.8(2.4–35.3)

(201)

3.8(0–8.5)

Chloramphenicol

(47)

100(60.4–100)

(88)

70.8(18.8–91.7)

(2963)

40.9(11.3–58.0)

(56)

28.6(10.9–100)

(1046)

62.8(48.9–91.5)

NC

(1982)

60.5(34.9–88)

(538)

50(14.3–76.4)

(691)

67(33.8–91.7)

(348)

43.1(25–60)

(65)

11.1(9.1–27.8)

Ciprofloxacin

(47)

29.9(12.1–74.9)

(147)

10(0–31.2)

(7877)

23.2(7.7–35.6)

(28)

14.6(3.1–79.2)

(2473)

24.3(7.8–35.4)

(658)

37.5(30.7–83.9)

(1147)

0.4(0–15.7)

(924)

7.2(0–27.4)

(1083)

16.1(2–38.4)

(562)

0(0–11.7)

(386)

0(0–5.4)

Trimethoprim/

Sulfamethoxazole

(133)

80.4(54.5–100)

(122)

85.7(64.3–100)

(7493)

80.7(69.8–85.6)

(54)

83.8(0–100)

(2093)

67.8(60.5–93.0)

(72)

92.6(25–100)

(1981)

60.5(40–88.8)

(833)

61.3(39.1–78.7)

(912)

92(75.7–100)

(1001)

52.8(29.4–72.9)

(392)

83.3(39.9–88)

Doxycycline

NC

NC

(302)

54.5(12.8–72.3)

NC

(531)

67.8(60.5–93.0)

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Erythromycin

NC

NC

(675)

81.6(29.9–86.5)

NC

(444)

58.9(39.8–82.6)

NC

NC

NC

(501)

77.3(40.8–100)

NC

NC

Gentamicin

(288)

61.1(25–86)

(143)

37.5(0–48.4)

(8282)

29.8(8.4–45.3)

(35)

59.4(8.9–100)

(2691)

41.7(24.1–66.7)

(88)

28.6(0–55.2)

(1657)

11.9(4.9–37)

(1027)

13.5(0–34)

(1554)

29.4(17.7–44.5)

(801)

2.3(0–21.7)

(365)

5.9(0.2–23.2)

Imipenem

(230)

2(0–23)

NC

(1613)

0.2(0–5.5)

NC

(1002)

0(0–6.3)

NC

NC

(21)

10.7(0–67.8)

(486)

6(0–51.8)

NC

NC

Levofloxacin

NC

NC

(751)

19.2(8.7–47.6)

NC

(246)

15.6(8.6–62.7)

NC

NC

(138)

42.7(4.7–91.7)

(77)

25.8(16.5–36.5)

NC

NC

Meropenem

(24)

40(0–44.4)

NC

(3402)

0(0–5.7)

NC

(711)

3.6(0–11.7)

NC

NC

(154)

1(0–1.6)

(138)

15.8(0–32)

NC

NC

Nalidixic Acid

NC

(39)

42.9(41.7–62.2)

(2960)

36(12.7–53.8)

NC

(507)

35.2(14.8–53)

NC

(1007)

10.6(4.4–19.6)

(166)

59.3(34–93.8)

(101)

78.4(54.2–90.8)

(537)

5.7(0.6–19.3)

(367)

0.6(0–17.3)

Nitrofurantoin

(27)

60(0–75)

(52)

40.6(25–52.3)

(5087)

14(4.5–25.1)

NC

(957)

24.0(13–54.7)

NC

NC

(257)

56.3(33.1–84.2)

(151)

76.5(65.9–80)

NC

NC

Norfloxacin

(39)

34.5(6.3–86)

(89)

41(0–35.6)

(876)

25.6(15.0–46.3)

NC

(518)

31.2(5.6–43.6)

NC

NC

(303)

0(0–3.3)

(578)

17(0–75)

NC

NC

Ofloxacin

NC

NC

(1294)

30.4(9.8–47.9)

NC

(733)

17(0–23.4)

NC

(1007)

73.2(43.7–90.5)

(322)

29(0–67)

NC

NC

NC

Oxacillin

NC

NC

(411)

91.5(22.2–98.5)

NC

NC

NC

NC

(128)

46.7(11.9–82.9)

(474)

100(33.3–100)

NC

NC

Penicillin

NC

NC

(43)

62(52.9–90.6)

NC

NC

(564)

75(52.4–100)

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Piperacillin

(78)

50(41.7–75)

NC

(132)

58.4(35.1–95.0)

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

Piperacillin/

Tazobactam

(83)

33.6(12.7–80.1)

NC

(235)

21(11.1–30.6)

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

(95)

14.6(2.6–45.8)

NC

NC

Tetracycline

(90)

73(62.2–100)

(72)

83.3(45–100)

(2896)

76.2(72.6–87.9)

(43)

25(11.1–25)

(744)

68(58.7–89.4)

(544)

91.7(63.6–100)

(1532)

37.1(22.4–66.3)

(455)

88.2(56.4–95.8)

(352)

100(81.8–100)

(309)

43(7.5–72.3)

(92)

54.5(22.2–71.1)

Tobramycin

NC

NC

(677)

32(12.3–43.2)

NC

(207)

55(13.0–67.8)

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

NC

  1. Antibiotics which are routinely available and recommended as first or second line antibiotics according to IMNCI and IMAI empiric guidelines are highlighted in bold [8, 9]
  2. NA Not Applicable: Bacterium is naturally resistant to agentAntibiotic is not recommended for treatment of this bacterium since resistance is likely to be present
  3. * NC Not Calculated: MR and IQR not calculated because of a small number of studies for the specific combination