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Table 2 Univariate and multivariable analysis of risk factors for delay in engagement in care

From: Predictors of delayed care seeking for tuberculosis in southern India: an observational study

 

Univariate

Multivariable

Characteristic

 

Cough <4 weeks n(%)

Cough ≥4 weeks n(%)

OR (95% CI)

p-value*

OR (95% CI)

p-value**

Age

≤ 45 years

78 (29.3%)

188 (70.7%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

> 45 years

54 (23.2%)

179 (76.8%)

1.38 (0.92, 2.06)

0.12

1.18 (0.76, 1.83)

0.46

Sex

Male

96 (24.9%)

289 (75.1%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Female

36 (31.0%)

80 (69.0%)

0.74 (0.47, 1.16)

0.19

1.22 (0.68, 2.21)

0.51

BMI

Underweight (BMI < 18.5)

43 (25.6%)

125 (74.4%)

Reference

   

Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 25)

7 (31.8%)

15 (68.2%)

0.74 (0.28, 1.93)

0.53

  

Overweight (BMI > 25)

81 (26.5%)

225 (73.5%)

0.96 (0.62, 1.47)

0.84

  

Employment

Employed

106 (26.5%)

294 (73.5%)

Reference

   

Student

8 (22.2%)

28 (77.8%)

1.26 (0.56, 2.86)

0.58

  

Unemployed

18 (28.1%)

46 (71.9%)

0.92 (0.51, 1.66)

0.79

  

Household Income per month

> 10,000 rupees

10 (15.4%)

55 (84.6%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

5001–10,000 rupees

42 (24.4%)

130 (75.6%)

0.56 (0.26, 1.20)

0.14

0.47 (0.22, 1.02)

0.057

3000–5000 rupees

61 (33.9%)

119 (66.1%)

0.35 (0.17, 0.74)

0.006

0.27 (0.12, 0.57)

<0.001

< 3000 rupees

17 (24.6%)

52 (75.4%)

0.56 (0.23, 1.33)

0.19

0.31 (0.12, 0.78)

0.014

Household Size

< 4 people

55 (23.8%)

176 (76.2%)

Reference

   

≥ 4 people

77 (28.6%)

192 (71.4%)

0.78 (0.52, 1.16)

0.22

  

Location of First Carea

Private

85 (28.0%)

219 (72.0%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Government

45 (23.2%)

149 (76.8%)

1.29 (0.85, 1.95)

0.24

1.25 (0.80, 1.96)

0.33

Marital Status

Married/Living together

87 (25.4%)

255 (74.6%)

Reference

   

Not married

45 (28.3%)

114 (71.7%)

0.86 (0.57, 1.32)

0.50

  

Casteb

Other backward caste

93 (26.1%)

263 (73.9%)

Reference

   

Scheduled caste

35 (26.1%)

99 (73.9%)

1.00 (0.64, 1.57)

>0.99

  

Municipality

Puducherry

100 (27.3%)

266 (72.7%)

Reference

   

Tamil Nadu

32 (23.7%)

103 (76.3%)

1.21 (0.77, 1.91)

0.42

  

Religion

Hinduism

113 (25.3%)

334 (74.7%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Other

19 (35.8%)

34 (64.2%)

0.61 (0.33, 1.10)

0.10

0.68 (0.36, 1.28)

0.23

Risky Alcohol Usec

No

94 (31.6%)

203 (68.4%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Yes

38 (18.6%)

166 (81.4%)

2.02 (1.32, 3.11)

0.001

2.20 (1.31, 3.68)

0.003

Smoking Status

Never

76 (29.6%)

181 (70.4%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Yes (former/current)

56 (23.0%)

188 (77.0%)

1.41 (0.94, 2.10)

0.093

1.15 (0.69, 1.94)

0.59

Mother’s Education

Some

28 (25.5%)

82 (74.5%)

Reference

   

None

100 (26.9%)

272 (73.1%)

0.93 (0.57, 1.51)

0.77

  

Years of School

> 7 years

62 (25.2%)

184 (74.8%)

Reference

   

≤ 7 years

70 (27.8%)

182 (72.2%)

0.88 (0.59, 1.31)

0.52

  

Knowledge that TB is transmitted by cough

Yes

106 (27.7%)

276 (72.3%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

No

26 (21.8%)

93 (78.2%)

1.37 (0.84, 2.24)

0.20

1.09 (0.62, 1.92)

0.77

Knowledge that TB is curable

Yes

128 (27.3%)

341 (72.7%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

No

4 (12.5%)

28 (87.5%)

2.63 (0.90, 7.64)

0.076

2.04 (0.66, 6.33)

0.22

  1. *p-value calculated using logistic regression
  2. **All covariates with univariate p-values less than or equal to 0.2 plus age, sex, and location of first care were included in the multivariable model
  3. aPrivate facilities include pharmacies, private allopathic clinics, medical college hospitals, and non-allopathic clinics. Government facilities included government hospitals, PHCs, and municipal corporation hospitals
  4. bScheduled castes and tribes are among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India. These groups have been designated by the Government of India to receive special programming and legislation to promote empowerment and development
  5. cRisky alcohol use was assessed using the AUDIT-C score, which incorporates information based on habitual frequency and volume of alcohol use as well as binge drinking tendencies
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BMC Infectious Diseases

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