Incidence, clinical features, and implications on outcomes of neonatal late-onset sepsis with concurrent infectious focus

Table 1 Pathogens causing a total of 948 episodes of primary bloodstream infection (BSI) and 123 episodes of BSI with specific infectious focus in the neonatal intensive care unit

	Neonatal BSIs with specific infectious focus (total n = 167)					Primary bacteramia (total n = 781)
	Meningitis (total n = 51)	Ventilator associated pneumonia (n = 36)	CLABSI (n = 57)	Necrotizing enterocolitis (n = 21)	Others^c (n = 7)	Primary bacteramia (total n = 781)
Gram-positive organism
Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus	4 (7.8)	0 (0)	25 (43.9)	3 (14.3)	1 (14.3)	332 (42.5)
Staphylococcus aureus	9 (17.6)	9 (25.0)	11 (19.3)	0 (0)	4 (57.1)	89 (11.4)
Enterococcus species	2 (3.9)	1 (2.8)	1 (1.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	22 (2.8)
Group-B streptococcus	15 (29.4)	1 (2.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	10 (1.3)
Streptococcus pneumoniae	0 (0)	1 (2.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (0.2)
Viridan Streptococcus	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (0.2)
Gram-negative organism
Klebsiella pneumoniae	5 (9.8)	6 (16.7)	5 (8.8)	3 (14.3)	0 (0)	72 (9.2)
Klebsiella oxytoca	0 (0)	1 (2.8)	1 (1.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	22 (2.8)
Escherichia coli	7 (13.7)	3 (8.3)	2 (3.5)	8 (38.1)	1 (14.3)	59 (7.5)
Enterobacter cloacae	1 (2.0)	1 (2.8)	1 (1.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	21 (2.7)
Enterobacter aerogenes	0 (0)	1 (2.8)	1 (1.8)	1 (4.8)	0 (0)	13 (1.7)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	2 (3.9)	2 (5.6)	1 (1.8)	1 (4.8)	0 (0)	10 (1.3)
Acinetobacter baumannii	1 (2.0)	3 (8.3)	1 (1.8)	1 (4.8)	0 (0)	36 (4.6)
Serratia marcescens	2 (3.9)	1 (2.8)	2 (3.5)	2 (9.5)	0 (0)	6 (0.8)
Others ^a	2 (3.9)	1 (2.8)	1 (1.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	8 (1.3)
Fungus
Candida albicans	1 (2.0)	0 (0)	4 (7.0)	2 (5.6)	0 (0)	18 (2.3)
Candida parapsilosis	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	13 (1.7)
Other Candida spp.	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	11 (1.4)
Polymicrobial microorganisms^b	0 (0)	3 (8.3)	0 (0)	2 (9.5)	1 (14.3)	35 (4.5)

CLABSI central line-associated bloodstream infection
^aIncluding Citrobacter freundii (3), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3), Hafnia alvei (2), Neisseria meningitidis (2), Chryseobacterium meningoseptium (1) and Flavobacterium (1)
^bIndicating two or more microorganisms were recovered from the same blood culture set
^cIncluding osteomyelitis (2), septic arthritis (2), upper limbs cellulitis (2), and urinary tract infection (1)

ISSN: 1471-2334