Table 3 Bivariate analysis of independent factors associated with Hepatitis E Virus in Napak, 2013/2014
Variable | Cases | Controls | Odds Ratio | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 107(%) | N = 214(%) | (95%CI) | ||
Male Sex | 37 (34.6) | 104 (48.6) | 0.54 (0.3–0.87) | 0.017* |
Female not pregnant | 19 (27.1) | 33 (30.0) | 1.55 (0.65–3.43) | 0.337 |
Dry season | 68 (63.5) | 150 (70.1) | 1.49 (0.83–2.52) | 0.188 |
Live in rural setting | 94 (87.8) | 194 (90.6) | 1.00 (0.28–3.50) | 1.000 |
Education level | ||||
None | 78 (72.9) | 172 (80.4) | 1.0 | |
Primary | 19 (17.7) | 30 (14.0) | 1.46 (0.75–2.85) | 0.263 |
Secondary | 7 (6.5) | 9 (4.2) | 2.32 (0.65–8.29) | 0.193 |
Tertiary | 3 (2.8) | 3 (1.4) | 2.53 (0.49–3.14) | 0.267 |
Unsanitary (Open defecation) habits | 77 (71.9) | 111 (51.9) | 2.46 (1.47–4.12) | 0.001* |
Drunk alcohol 2 weeks before outbreak. | 80 (74.7) | 151 (70.5) | 1.24 (0.73–2.21) | 0.420 |
No soap in the household. | 56 (52.3) | 89 (42.6) | 1.59 (0.98–2.59) | 0.060 |
Never wash hands with soap after defecation. | 50 (46.7) | 70 (35.0) | 1.64 (1.01–2.65) | 0.043* |
Clean hands with soap before eating | 69 (64.5) | 141 (65.9) | 0.93 (0.55–1.57) | 0.789 |
Did not clean utensils after eating food. | 70 (65.4) | 94 (44.9) | 2.72 (1.60–4.61) | P < 0.001* |
Drinking untreated water. | 58 (54.2) | 181 (84.5) | 5.19 (2.82–9.54) | P < 0.001* |
Had contact with animals prior to epidemic. | 61 (57.0) | 132 (61.7) | 0.81 (0.49–1.32) | 0.402 |
Attended funerals 2 weeks before outbreak. | 13 (16.6) | 14 (9.2) | 0.56 (0.55–3.02) | 0.556 |
use the same basin for washing hands | 42 (39.3) | 75 (35.1) | 1.24 (0.73–2.10) | 0.420 |
Ate food from the roadside | 43 (40.2) | 39 (18.2) | 2.88 (1.70–4.84) | P < 0.001* |
Primary source of water | ||||
Tap water | 19 (17.8) | 49 (22.9) | 1.0 | |
Bore Hole | 82 (76.6) | 162 (75.7) | 1.34 (0.69–2.58) | 0.381 |
Well | 5 (4.7) | 2 (1.0) | 10.7 (1.15–98.5) | 0.037* |
Dam | 1 (1.0) | 1(.5) | 2.16 (0.13–34.9) | 0.586 |
Household has no latrine | 82 (76.6) | 173 (80.4) | 0.76 (0.42–1.37) | 0.355 |
Have common bathing practices | 59 (58.1) | 124 (57.9) | 1.16 (0.68–1.99) | 0.587 |
Had recently travelled | 27 (25.20) | 30 (14.0) | 2.04 (1.14–3.63) | 0.016* |
Did you own or have contacts with animals prior to the epidemic | ||||
No | 46 (43.0) | 82 (38.3) | ||
Yes | 61 (57.0) | 132 (61.7) | 0.81 (0.49–1.32) | 0.402 |
If yes which animals | ||||
Pigs | 3 (4.9) | 9 (6.7) | 1 | |
Cows | 24 (39.3) | 38 (28.4) | 1.59 (0.32–7.88) | 0.570 |
Goats | 15 (24.6) | 39 (29.1) | 1.36 (0.24–7.67) | 0.720 |
Poultry | 19 (31.1) | 48 (35.8) | 0.82 (0.18–3.70) | 0.790 |