Determination of the sources and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from the poultry industry in Southern Ethiopia

Table 6 Antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates collected from chicken multiplication centers of different locations, management, breed and sample type in Southern Ethiopia

AMR pattern (No. of drugs showing resistant + intermediate)	Study area (N = 45)			Management type			Breed type			Sample type
AMR pattern (No. of drugs showing resistant + intermediate)		n ^a	%		n	%		n	%		n	%
AMPC-I^¶FOXKNASSXT*TE (7 +^¶1)	Hawassa	1	2.2	Litter	1	2.2	WLH	1	2.2	Cloacal swab	1	2.2
AMPCCIP-IFOXKNASSXTTE (8 + 1)	Bonga	10	22.2	Cage	8	17.8	Bovans	8	17.8	Cloacal swab	18	40.0
	Hawassa	14	31.1	Litter	16	35.6	WLH	16	35.6	Hand swab	2	4.4
										Bedding	4	8.9
	Total	24	53.3	Total	24	53.3	Total	24	53.3	Total	24	53.3
AMPCCIPFOXKNASSXTTE (9)	Bonga	8	17.8	Cage	1	2.2	Bovans	1	2.2	Cloacal swab	8	17.8
	Hawassa	1	2.2	Litter	8	17.8	WLH	8	17.8	Bedding	1	2.2
	Total	9	20.0	Total	9	20.0	Total	9	20.0	Total	9	20.0
AMPCCN-ICIP-IFOXKNASSXT*TE (8 + 2)	Bonga	1	2.2	Litter	1	2.2	WLH	1	2.2	Cloacal swab	1	2.2
AMPCCN-ICIPFOXKNASSXT*TE (9 + 1)	Bonga	2	4.4	Litter	2	4.4	WLH	2	4.4	Hand swab	1	2.2
										Bedding	1	2.2
										Total	2	4.4
AMPCFOXKNASSXT*TE (8)	Bonga	3	6.7	Cage	1	2.2	Bovans	1	2.2	Cloacal swab	4	8.9
	Hawassa	1	2.2	Litter	3	6.7	WLH	3	6.7
	Total	4	8.9	Total	4	8.9	Total	4	8.9
AMPCIP-IFOXKNASSXT*TE (7 + 1)	Bonga	1	2.2	Litter	1	2.2	WLH	1	2.2	Cloacal swab	1	2.2
AMPCIPFOXKNASSXT*TE (8)	Bonga	1	2.2	Cage	1	2.2	Bovans	1	2.2	Cloacal swab	2	4.4
	Hawassa	1	2.2	Litter	1	2.2	WLH	1	2.2
	Total	2	4.4	Total	2	4.4	Total	2	4.4
CKS-I*SXT (3 + 1)	Bonga	1	2.2	Litter	1	2.2	WLH	1	2.2	Cloacal swab	1	2.2

#Number of isolates exhibiting the indicated resistance pattern in the respective rows. The “(+)” in the first column indicated number of drug types that manifested intermediate response category to the isolates. The number of isolates tested for AMR from Hawassa (n = 18), Bonga (n = 27), Cage (n = 11), Litter (n = 34), Bovans Brown (n = 11), White Leghorn (WLH) (n = 34), Cloacal swab (n = 36), bedding (n = 6) and personnel hand swab (n = 3). AMP, ampicillin; AMR, antimicrobial resistance; C, chloramphenicol; CN, gentamicin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; FOX, cefoxitin; K, kanamycin; NA, nalidixic acid; S, streptomycin; SXT, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; TE, tetracycline
^¶Indicates intermediate breakpoints

ISSN: 1471-2334