Table 1 Clinical characteristics of nasal and oral histoplasmosis in 18 patients
N°/Ref | Sex | Age (years) | Risk Factor | CD4 (/mm3) | Clinical Presentation | Diagnosis | Location | Treatment | Follow up (M: months) | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 [31] | M | 32 | HIV infection | 60 | Pain | Histology | Nasal septum perforation | Amphotericin B then itraconazole | 6 M, Improvement | Colombia |
2 [31] | F | 37 | HIV infection | 133 | Nasal itch, epistaxis, nasal discharge | Histology | Nasal septum perforation | Itraconazole | 2 M, Improvement | Colombia |
3 [32] | M | 59 | HCV infection | Nose wound with crust | Not available | Nasal ulceration covered by crusts | Itraconazole | 1 M, Improvement | Brazil | |
4 [33] | M | 27 | HIV infection | 20 | Fatigue, fever, skin lesions, dyspnea | Histology | Disseminated (nasal ulceration and cutaneous) | Amphotericin B then itraconazole | Improvement | Argentina |
5 [34] | M | 37 | HIV infection | Not available | Fever, dysphagia, inflammatory and hemorrhagic nasal process | Histology | Destruction of nasal septum | No treatment | Death | Brazil |
6 [35] | M | 30 | None | Nasal swelling | Histology | Nasal crusts | Itraconazole | Lost follow-up | India | |
7 [23] | F | 79 | Farmer | Fatigue, nasal obstruction | Histology | Nasal ulceration and crusts | Itraconazole | Lost follow-up | USA (Ohio) | |
8 [36] | M | 37 | Renal transplant, HBV/HCV coinfection | Nose septal destruction | Not available | Ulceration in mouth and nose | Amphotericin B then itraconazole | 1 M, Improvement | Brazil | |
9 [37] | F | 32 | HIV infection | 69 | Fatigue, fever, nasal pain, nasal pyramid collapse | Histology | Destruction of the cartilaginous septum, columella and left nasal wing, and ulcerations | Amphotericin B | 12 M, Improvement | Brazil |
10 [38] | M | 39 | HIV infection | 20 | Nasal congestion, post nasal rhinorrhea, cough | Histology | Sinusitis, Skin rash, pulmonary involvement | Itraconazole | Improvement | USA (La) |
11 [39] | F | 49 | HIV infection | Not available | Nasal obstruction | Histology and culture | Lesion on the nasal vestibule and septum | Not available | Death | Brazil |
12 [39] | F | 23 | HIV infection | Not available | Not available | Histology | Crusts | Amphotericin B then itraconazole | Improvement | Brazil |
13 [40] | M | 43 | HIV infection, farmer | 15 | Nasal regurgitation | Histology | Complete destruction of the nasal architecture, palatal perforation | Itraconazole | Improvement | Brazil |
14 [41] | M | 39 | HIV infection | 120 | Nasal obstruction, post nasal rhinorrhea, headache, epistaxis | Histology | Papular and nodular rash, polypoid and inflammatory nasal mucosa in the right nasal fossa, bulging posterior wall of the nasopharynx | Amphotericin B | Improvement | Morocco |
15 [42] | M | 30 | Adrenal insufficiency | Visual acuity impairment, nasal, septum and soft palate lesions | Histology | Endophtalmitis, nasal, septum and soft palate lesions | Amphotericin B (intraocular injection), itraconazole | 12 W, Improvement | Argentina | |
16 [43] | NA | NA | HIV infection | Not available | Not available | Not available | Mouth, gingivae, hard palate, right maxillary sinus, right nasal cavity | Not available | Not available | South Africa |
17 [44] | M | 76 | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Epistaxis and facial pain, facial erythema, swelling, and fever | Histology and culture | Ethmoïdal, sphenoidal and maxillary sinusitis | Amphotericin B then itraconazole | Improvement | Brazil | |
18 [45] | M | 36 | HIV infection, drug abuse | Not available | Fever, orodynia | Histology | Ulceration on the nasal bridge, necrotizing gingivitis and granulomatous oral lesion | Ketoconazole | 4 M, Death | Brazil |