Table 2 Factors associated with low 25 hydroxyvitamin D level among healthy controls and tuberculosis patients at enrolment
TB patients (N = 167) | Healthy controls (N = 358) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low 25(OH)D level | Normal 25(OH)D level | Low 25(OH)D level | Normal 25(OH)D level | |||
N = 43 (25.7 %) | N = 124 (74.3 %) | N = 111 (31.0 %) | N = 247 (69.0 %) | |||
N (%) or Mean (sd) | N (%) or Mean (sd) | p | N (%) or Mean (sd) | N (%) or Mean (sd) | p | |
Age | 35.1 (12.0) | 33.3 (10.2) | 0.53 | 35.5 (12.4) | 36.4 (13.3) | 0.79 |
Male sex | 20 (46.5) | 75 (60.5) | 0.11 | 46 (41.4) | 144 (58.8) | 0.002 |
History of smoking | 4 (9.3) | 21 (16.9) | 0.23 | 25 (22.5) | 65 (26.8) | 0.40 |
Alcohol misuse | 0 (0) | 7 (5.7) | 0.11 | 3 (2.7) | 19 (7.7) | 0.07 |
Socioeconomic status | ||||||
Low | 11 (25.6) | 30 (24.2) | 0.84 | 17 (15.3) | 54 (22.2) | 0.2 |
Medium | 22 (51.2) | 60 (48.4) | 0.86 | 57 (51.4) | 127 (52.3) | 1 |
High | 10 (23.3) | 34 (27.4) | 0.84 | 37 (33.3) | 62 (25.5) | 0.13 |
Mean daily sunshine hours during the month of enrolment | 8.2 (1.2) | 7.9 (1.4) | 0.26 | 7.9 (1.0) | 7.9 (1.1) | 0.22 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 19.8 (3.1) | 20.4 (3.9) | 0.54 | 25.8 (5.5) | 24.9 (4.8) | 0.11 |
HIV infection | 12 (27.9) | 39 (31.7) | 0.64 | 6 (5.4) | 45 (18.4) | 0.001 |
Previously known for DM | 4 (9.3) | 1 (0.8) | 0.005 | 0 (0) | 2 (0.8) | 0.34 |
Hyperglycemia at enrolment | 9 (20.9) | 29 (23.4) | 0.74 | 11 (9.9) | 26 (10.5) | 0.86 |
Persistent hyperglycemia | 6 (14.0) | 6 (4.8) | 0.05 | |||
TB characteristics | ||||||
TB symptoms >3 months | 8 (18.6) | 13 (10.5) | 0.17 | |||
TB | ||||||
Smear positive | 36 (83.7) | 100 (80.7) | 0.82 | |||
Smear negative | 6 (14.0) | 21 (16.9) | 1 | |||
Extrapulmonary | 1 (2.3) | 3 (2.4) | 1 | |||
Cavity on X-ray | 20 (48.8) | 66 (54.1) | 0.56 | |||