Table 1 Predictors for poor outcome among 51 MERS CoV cases in KSA 2014

Demographics and Epidemiology

Age < = 30

7 (13.7 %)

6 (85.7 %)

1 (14.29 %)

0.187

Age 31-60

32 (62.8 %)

22 (64.7 %)

12 (35.3 %)

Age >60

10 (19.6 %)

4 (40 %)

6 (60 %)

Gender - male

40 (78.4 %)

22(55 %)

18(45 %)

0.037

Known MERS exposure

21 (41.2 %)

12 (57.1 %)

9 (42.9 %)

0.563

Healthcare worker

12 (23.5 %)

11 (91.7 %)

1 (8.3 %)

0.020

Umrah patient

2 (3.9 %)

2 (100 %)

0 (0 %)

0.523

Co-morbid conditions

Diabetes

17 (33.3 %)

9 (52.9 %)

8 (47.1 %)

0.365

Hypertension

25 (49 %)

10 (40 %)

15 (60 %)

0.001

End stage renal disease

14 (27.5 %)

6 (42.9 %)

8 (57.1 %)

0.106

Coronary artery disease

8 (15.7 %)

3 (37.5 %)

5 (62.5 %)

0.131

Immunosuppression

6 (11.8 %)

5 (83.3 %)

1 (16.7 %)

0.392

Signs and Symptoms

Runny nose

6 (11.8 %)

5 (83.3 %)

1 (16.67 %)

0.392

Cough

41(80.4 %)

26 (63.4 %)

15(36.6 %)

1.000

Diarrhea

13 (25.5 %)

11 (84.6 %)

2 (15.4 %)

0.096

Vomiting

12 (23.5 %)

11 (91.7 %)

1 (8.3 %)

0.020

Sore throat

5 (9.8 %)

3 (60 %)

2 (40 %)

1.000

Abnormal lung exam

20 (39.2 %)

17 (85 %)

3 (15 %)

0.016

Subjective fever

49 (96.1 %)

30 (61.2 %)

19 (38.8 %)

0.523

Temperature >38 Celsius

25 (49 %)

13 (52 %)

12 (48 %)

0.153

Respiratory rate >16

39 (76.5 %)

21 (53.9 %)

18 (46.2 %)

0.020

Blood pressure < 90/60 mm Hg

8 (15.7 %)

0 (0 %)

8 (100 %)

0.000

Oxygen saturation < 90 %

17 (33.3 %)

4 (23.5 %)

13 (76.5 %)

0.000

Laboratory findings

Hemoglobin < 10 g/dL

14 (27.5 %)

4 (28.6 %)

10 (71.4 %)

0.003

White Blood cell count < 5,000 cells/mm³

28 (54.9 %)

21 (75 %)

7 (25 %)

0.080

White Blood cell count > 10,000 cells/mm³

9 (17.6 %)

2 (22.2 %)

7 (77.8 %)

0.009

Platelets < 150,000/mm3

15 (29.4 %)

9 (60 %)

6 (40 %)

1.000

ALT > 50 U/L

23 (45.1 %)

14 (61 %)

9 (39.1 %)

1.000

AST > 40 U/L

35 (68.6 %)

18 (51.4 %)

17 (48.6 %)

0.015

LDH > 300 U/L

32 (62.7 %)

18 (56.3 %)

14 (43.8 %)

0.247

Creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL

21 (41.2 %)

8 (38.1 %)

13 (61.9 %)

0.003

CK > 200 U/L

24 (47.1 %)

13 (54.2 %)

11 (45.8 %)

0.261

Potassium > 4.5 mmol/L

17 (33.3 %)

8 (47.1 %)

9 (52.9 %)

0.131

Negative repeat PCR swab

31 (60.8 %)

30 (96.8 %)

1 (3.23 %)

0.000

Radiology

CXR – Right upper lobe infiltrate

17 (33.3 %)

5 (29.4 %)

12 (70.6 %)

0.001

CXR – Right lower lobe infiltrate

32 (62.7 %)

13 (40.6 %)

19 (59.4 %)

0.000

CXR – Left upper lobe infiltrate

19 (37.3 %)

7 (36.8 %)

12 (63.2 %)

0.006

CXR – Left lower lobe infiltrate

31 (60.8 %)

13 (41.9 %)

18 (58.1 %)

0.000

Treatments administered

Interferon beta

23 (45.1 %)

18 (78.3 %)

5 (21.7 %)

0.047

Interferon alpha

8 (15.7 %)

6 (75 %)

2 (25 %)

0.694

Any interferon

31 (60.8 %)

24 (77.4 %)

7 (22.6 %)

0.009

Ribavirin

19 (37.5 %)

13 (68.4 %)

6 (13.6 %)

0.564

Antibiotics

42 (82.4 %)

26 (61.9 %)

16 (38.1 %)

1.000

Hydrocortisone

5 (9.8 %)

2 (40 %)

3 (60 %)

0.348

Mycophenolate mofetil

8 (15.7 %)

8 (100 %)

0 (0 %)

0.019

ICU stay during admission

19 (37.3 %)

0 (0 %)

19 (100 %)

0.000

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

10 (19.6 %)

0 (0 %)

10 (100 %)

0.000